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Volume 5, Number 16
18 April 2005
The Pop Reporter is now available in both CD-ROM (past year) and print archives (past 6 months) formats. These items are intended for users in low-resource settings. For print or CD-ROM archives, contact rjacoby@jhuccp.org with your request and complete mailing address.
FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH
The Impact of Stigma on Couples Managing a Sexually Transmitted Infection
(Abstract)
This paper reviews the literature on the impact of STIs on intimate relationships and considers the relevance of this research to both clinicians and researchers. In particular, the types of relationships in which the presence of a STI may have a varying degree of impact are examined. Since disclosure of a STI would also be expected to impact on a relationship, an overview of the factors involved in the disclosure of a STI to a partner is also considered.
Determinants of Condom Use Among a Random Sample of Single Heterosexual Adults
(Abstract)
This study identified the determinants of single heterosexuals' use of condoms during each sexual intercourse. Attitude, perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, and moral norm explained 65% of the variance in intentions to use condoms. Intention stability is also a major determinant of the accuracy of intention for the prediction of subsequent behavior.
Contraceptive Prevalence Among Young Women in Nigeria
(Abstract)
This study determined the contraceptive prevalence among young women in Nigeria. Contraceptive usage was significantly higher among single and sexually active women (38.5%) than among married women (7.7%). Only 7.3% of respondents are currently using a contraceptive method. The main methods in use were condoms and pills.
Condom Use as a Means of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Fertility Control Among the Krobos of Ghana
(Abstract)
Using data collected on a sample of 110 respondents, this article analyzes the compatibility between condom use for fertility reduction and HIV prevention with special reference to the people of Krobo Odumase, in Ghana. The study reveals that there are sometimes conflicts between fertility motives and condom use for HIV prevention. Age, gender, and marital status are strong variables that shape such fertility motives, which in turn influence the propensity to use condoms.
The Impact of Franchised Family Planning Clinics in Poor Urban Areas of Pakistan
(Abstract)
This study uses a quasi-experimental design to determine the impact of new family planning clinics on knowledge, contraceptive use, and unmet need for family planning among married women in poor urban areas of six secondary cities of Pakistan.
Sexual Behaviour and Contraceptive Practice of Future Doctors in Southwest Nigeria
(Abstract)
The sexual behavior and contraceptive practice of 498 clinical students of a randomly selected medical college in Southwest Nigeria was studied in June 2003. More than two-thirds (67.5%) of the students had (ever had) sexual intercourse while 49.8% of them had ever used contraception. Only 26.1% of the 119 sexually active students used contraception during their last sexual intercourse. The most common contraceptive methods ever used by the students were the condom (54.6%) and rhythm method (39.5%), though a third of them incorrectly identified the limits of the fertile period. Contraception for single sexually active students was disapproved by 11.2% of the participants, while 9.8% of them regarded avoidance of HIV patients in the hospital as a preventive measure against HIV infection.
FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEWS
Uganda: West Nile Lacks Condoms
(News Article)
Condom suppliers in West Nile have run out of stock at all their regional stores in Arua town.
India: VHP to Oppose Family Planning Among Hindus
(News Article)
Vishwa Hindu Parishat (VHP) International President Ashok Singhal said that the organization would oppose family planning in view of the "enormous increase" in the population of minorities.
Malaysia: Six Out of 10 Women Practice Family Planning
(News Article)
Six out of 10 Malaysian women practice family planning, according to a study by the Women, Family and Community Development Ministry.
Saudi Clerics Rule against Forced Marriage
(News Article)
Saudi clerics took an unprecedented stand recently against forcing women into marriage, saying that fathers who try to force their daughters to marry should be jailed until they change their minds.
Seeking a New Catholic Lead on Condoms
(News Article)
Campaigners against AIDS in South Africa are hoping that the election of a new Pope could lead to a liberalization of the Vatican's stance on the use of condoms to prevent HIV transmission.
FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW AND POLICY
22 Chinese Provinces Formulate Regulations Against Domestic Violence
(News Article)
Twenty-two Chinese provinces had formulated regulations, opinions, or measures against domestic violence by the end of 2004, according to a white paper on China's human rights progress in 2004 issued by the Information Office of the State Council.
SW China City Conducts AIDS, Venereal Disease Test in Service Sector
(News Article)
People working in the service sector in Kunming, capital of southwest China's Yunnan Province, may lose their job if they do not pass an AIDS or venereal disease test. To control the spread of the epidemic, the city's AIDS-control office issued a regulation that AIDS and venereal disease tests will be added into the annual physical examination for those working in hotels, bath centers, beauty salons, night clubs, and other entertainment venues.
US Congress Debates Abstinence vs. Condoms in Fighting AIDS
(News Article)
There has been more debate in Congress about the effectiveness of sexual abstinence versus use of condoms in the global fight against AIDS. The issue was discussed at length during a congressional hearing Wednesday which heard from US global AIDS coordinator, Randall Tobias, and representatives of non-government organizations.
China's Henan Sets Up Prison for AIDS Patients
(News Article)
Authorities in the central Chinese province of Henan are preparing a prison facility in at least one location for AIDS patients who cause trouble by complaining about their treatment at the hands of local officials, a recent report by RFA's Mandarin service has revealed. One facility was being built at Ningling County, near the city of Shangqiu, local sources said.
HIV/AIDS RESEARCH
Risk Factors for Late HIV Diagnosis in French Guiana
(Abstract)
Risk factors for delayed HIV diagnosis in French Guiana were studied in 1,952 patients between 1992 and 2003. At the time of diagnosis, 30% of patients had less than 200 CD4 lymphocytes/mm3; age, male sex, and foreign nationality were independently associated with a low CD4 cell count. The availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy was not associated with an earlier HIV diagnosis.
Rates of HIV-1 Transmission per Coital Act, by Stage of HIV-1 Infection, in Rakai, Uganda
(Abstract)
This study estimated rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in HIV-discordant couples by stage of infection in the index partner. In adjusted models, early- and late-stage infection, higher HIV load, genital ulcer disease, and younger age of the index partner were significantly associated with higher rates of transmission. The rate of HIV transmission per coital act was highest during early-stage infection.
HIV/AIDS Epidemic in India: Risk Factors, Risk Behaviour & Strategies 
(Research Article)
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This article, from the National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India, reviews two decades of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India.
HIV Prevention Programs of Nongovernmental Organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Global AIDS Intervention Network Project
(Abstract)
This paper describes HIV prevention programs conducted by nongovernmental organizations (NGO)that are meeting this challenge. One NGO undertaking HIV prevention programs was evaluated in each of the 23 countries participating in the Global AIDS Intervention Network Project throughout Latin America and the Caribbean.
Perceptions of Local HIV/AIDS Prevalence and Risks for HIV/AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections: Preliminary Study of Intuitive Epidemiology
(Abstract)
This study investigated whether perceptions of the local prevalence of disease serve as a predictor of health behavior, particularly behaviors associated with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Participants who estimated a lower AIDS burden in their city relative to other cities demonstrated greater numbers of sex partners, higher rates of sexual risk practices, and higher rates of STI. They were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. This initial study of intuitive epidemiology suggests that STI clinic patients may have a sense for the relative burden of AIDS in their city and estimates of local disease prevalence may predict sexual risk behaviors.
Gender Differences in Clinical Progression of HIV-1-Infected Individuals During Long-Term Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
(Abstract)
This study assessed gender differences in the long-term clinical, virological and immunological outcomes during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). No differences were found between genders in terms of virological and immunological outcomes during long-term HAART. Nevertheless, a lower risk of clinical progression was reported among female patients with intermediate baseline viral load than in males.
Changes in the AIDS Epidemiologic Situation in Puerto Rico Following Health Care Reform and the Introduction of HAART
(Abstract)
This study compared the occurrence of AIDS as well as the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of AIDS patients in Puerto Rico before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the privatization of the island's public health care system. Incident AIDS declined substantially between the two periods in each of the four populations studied. The proportion of new AIDS cases was lower among women, persons 40 years of age or older, the less educated, and those living alone. Injection drug use remains the predominant mode of transmission in Puerto Rico.
HIV/AIDS NEWS
Kenya: Archbishop OKs Condoms for HIV Couples
(News Article)
The Archbishop of Mombasa in Kenya has said that while behavior change remains the first strategy in the war against HIV/AIDS, infected couples are in a unique situation that needs to be understood with compassion. Catholic Information Service for Africa reports that newly-appointed Archbishop Boniface Lele said that some HIV positive couples could use condoms to prevent re-infection so as to prolong their life.
Ethiopian Death Toll from AIDS may Double in Three Years
(News Article)
Ethiopia's AIDS death toll may double to 1.8 million in 3 years unless steps are taken to reduce current infection rates and care for those already ill.
Ghana: National HIV/AIDS Infection Rate Drops
(News Article)
A new survey on HIV/AIDS has shown that the national prevalent rate has dropped by 0.5%, bringing the current rate to 3.1% from 3.6% in 2003.
UN: Anti-AIDS Gel on Horizon
(News Article)
The UN AIDS chief predicted that a vaginal gel that protects women from contracting HIV during intercourse could be ready in as little 3 to 4 years.
The Battle Over Uganda's AIDS Campaign
(News Article)
The push for abstinence and faithfulness in the fight against HIV/AIDS has been welcomed by some sections of society, especially religious groups. However, others consider it dangerous to push the "A" for "Abstinence" and the "B" for "Be Faithful" if the "C" for "Condom" message is lost or diluted.
Pakistan: Government Forms ‘Interfaith Council’ to Fight HIV/AIDS
(News Article)
The government has decided to establish an ‘Interfaith Council’ to involve independent religious leaders in efforts to control the spread of AIDS in the country.
China Arrests 15 in AIDS Blood Donor Scandal
(News Article)
China has arrested 15 people for involvement in illegal blood-selling schemes blamed for widespread HIV/AIDS infections in the 1990s.
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH
Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Maternal and Infant Antiretroviral Interventions to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission During Breast-feeding
(Abstract)
This study used Markov modeling to define the circumstances under which the following interventions would be cost-effective: BF for 6 months with daily infant nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis; maternal combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy and for 6 months of BF; and maternal combination ART only for women who meet CD4 criteria.
Early Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces the Risk of Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission and Increases HIV-Free Survival
(Abstract)
In the context of a trial of postpartum vitamin A supplementation, researchers provided education and counseling about infant feeding and HIV, prospectively collected information on infant feeding practices, and measured associated infant infections and deaths. Based on infection rates, exclusive breastfeeding may substantially reduce breastfeeding-associated HIV transmission.
HIV and Mortality of Mothers and Children: Evidence From Cohort Studies in Uganda, Tanzania, and Malawi
(Abstract)
To calculate excess risks of child mortality as the result of maternal HIV status, researchers used pooled data from three longitudinal community-based studies that classified births by the mother's HIV status. The results showed that HIV impacts on child mortality directly through transmission of the virus to newborns by infected mothers and indirectly through higher child mortality rates associated with a maternal death.
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NEWS
Bangladesh: Services to Pregnant Poor Women to be Ensured
(News Article)
The Finance and Planning Minister has renewed the country's commitment to ensure services to poor women during their pregnancy towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
Jamaica at Risk of Missing Maternity Mortality Target
(News Article)
Jamiaca is at risk of failing to achieve the Millennium Development Goal for maternal mortality, which is to reduce maternal deaths by 75% by 2015.
Bhutan: Practice of Institutional Delivery Increasing
(Feature Article)
Seeking professional medical help during and after delivery was taught among the Bongop women during an awareness campaign on reproductive health.
Afghanistan's Hospital Midwives
(News Article)
Afghanistan's first generation of professional midwives fully trained to deliver babies in hospitals has just graduated.
MEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH
Opportunistic Screening of Young Men for Urogenital Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in General Practice
(Abstract)
In a 1 year intervention study in general practices in Denmark, researchers aimed to evaluate an opportunistic screening program targeting 16- to 25-year-old men. When the young men saw their general practitioner (GP) for the first time during the intervention, they were offered a test for C. trachomatis based on a first catch urine sample. Results show that opportunistic screening for urogenital C. trachomatis infection in general practice is feasible.
Sexual Networking among Married Men with Wives of Child Bearing Age in Ibadan City, Nigeria: Report of a Pilot Study
(Abstract)
This cross sectional, community-based, ex-post factor pilot study was designed to find out if traditional norms affect marital sexuality and also to identify sociodemographic factors associated with sexual networking among men.
MEN'S HEALTH NEWS
Namibia: Use Female Condom, Men Urged
(News Article)
More Namibian men should be encouraged to inform their female partners about the female condom, the femidom, which has been criticized for being apparently too noisy and costly, according to the NGO Women Action for Development.
Zimbabwe: Cases of Women Abusing Men Rise
(News Article)
This newspaper account claims that there has been a steady increase of men who have been taking their lives following harassment and violence by their partners.
POPULATION RESEARCH
Perceptions of Local HIV/AIDS Prevalence and Risks for HIV/AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections: Preliminary Study of Intuitive Epidemiology
(Abstract)
investigate whether perceptions of the local prevalence of disease serve as a predictor of health behavior, particularly behaviors associated with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Four hundred eighty-seven men and 236 women receiving diagnostic and treatment services at a STI clinic in a moderate-size US city completed anonymous surveys of perceived prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other STI and sexual risk and protective behaviors. The authors found that participants who estimated a lower AIDS burden in their city relative to other US cities demonstrated greater numbers of sex partners, higher rates of sexual risk practices, and higher rates of STI.
Fetal Death Sex Ratios: A Ttest of the Economic Stress Hypothesis
(Abstract)
The ratio of male to female live births (that is, the sex ratio) reportedly falls when populations suffer rare and extreme ambient stressors such as the collapse of national economies. This association has been attributed to the death of male fetuses and to reduced conception of males. The authors of this paper assess the validity of the first of these mechanisms by testing the hypothesis that the fetal death sex ratio varies positively over time with the unemployment rate.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus and Associated Risk Behaviours: A Population-based Study in San Juan, Puerto Rico
(Abstract)
The authors of this study estimated the prevalence of HCV infection and identified correlates of seropositivity in the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Overall weighted prevalence of HCV infection was 6.3%. A significant higher prevalence was observed among subjects with the following characteristics: age 30-49 (9.5%), male sex (10.6%), 12 years of education (9.6%), no health coverage (12.6%), lifetime heroin use (39.2%), lifetime cocaine use (39.6%), tattooing practices (34.2%), history of imprisonment (32.8%), and self-reported histories of hepatitis B virus infection (30.4%), and HIV/AIDS (92.1%).
A Comparison of Different Methods for Decomposition of Changes in Expectation of Life at Birth and Differentials in Life Expectancy at Birth
(Research Article)
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Several methods have been proposed to decompose the difference between two life expectancies at birth into the contribution by different age groups. In this study,the author compares different methods with that of Chandra Sekar (1949) method. The methodologies suggested by Arriaga, Lopez and Ruzicka and Pollard have been extended. It is shown that all the three methods and also Chandra Sekar method in their modified (symmetrical) form will be seen to produce the same result as that of United Nations, Pollard, Andreev and Pressat. Finally, it is suggested to use symmetric formulae of the above methods because the percent contribution of total of the interaction terms to the difference in the life expectancy at birth is observed to be very negligible.
POPULATION NEWS
India Still Fighting to 'Save the Girl Child'
(News Article)
Over the past 15 years, as cheap ultrasound equipment has become readily available, the number of people deciding to abort female fetuses has soared, and despite government attempts to ban the practice, the number of girls being born has plummeted.
WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH
Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) and Combined Oral Contraceptives and Cervical Carcinoma In-situ in Women Aged 50 Years and Under
(Abstract)
Researchers determined whether hormonal contraception use increases cervical carcinoma in-situ (CIS) risk with a case-control study, conducted in the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporate area of Jamaica, using 119 cases from the Jamaica Tumour Registry and 304 matched population controls. Compared to women who never used hormonal contraceptives, the risk of CIS was elevated in: women who had used combined oral contraceptives (COCs) 5 years or more, women who first used COC for less than 10 years prior to the interview, and women who were 18 to 24 years old when they first used COCs. Similarly, compared to women who never used DMPA, the risk of CIS was elevated in women using DMPA 5 years or more, women reporting use within a year prior to interview, and women who initiated use of DMPA when they were 20 and 24 years old.
Preparing for Efficacy Trials of Vaginal Microbicides in Indian Women
(Research Article)
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This review discusses challenges and issues and the preparatory steps to make efficacy trials possible in India.
Why Do Women Complain of Vaginal Discharge? A Population Survey of Infectious and Pyschosocial Risk Factors in a South Asian Community
(Abstract)
The authors of this study conducted a community-based survey of 3,000 women aged 18-50 years, randomly sampled from a population in Goa, India to investigate the risk factors of the complaint of vaginal discharge. Of the 2,494 women (83%) who agreed to participate, 14.5% complained of having an abnormal vaginal discharge. Stress was the most common causal attribution for the complaint. The final multivariate model found that high scores for common mental disorder and somatoform disorders and the use of an intrauterine contraceptive device were independently associated with the complaint.
Reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative Oral Contraceptive Data Reveals No Evidence of Delayed Cardiovascular Benefit
(Abstract)
Reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative data regarding prior oral contraceptive use and the effect on cardiovascular disease reveals no evidence of a delayed benefit or harm.
Increasing Trend of HIV Seropositivity among Commercial Sex Workers Attending the Voluntary and Confidential Counseling and Testing Centre in Manipur, India
(Abstract)
A total of 1,903 commercial sex workers (CSWs) attending the Voluntary and Confidential Counseling and Testing Centre at the Department of Microbiology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Manipur, were screened for HIV infection over a period of 5 years from March 1998 to February 2003. The annual rising trend in incidence of HIV seropositivity among CSWs from March 1998 (10.93%) to February 2003 (29.68%) was observed in the test site attenders, in contrast to the declining trend among injecting drug users in the state from March 1998 (76%) to February 2003 (59.82%).
Women in Couples Antenatal HIV Counseling and Testing are Not More Likely to Report Adverse Social Events
(Abstract)
Researchers tested whether women counseled antenatally as part of a couple were more likely to accept HIV testing and nevirapine in a program to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission and whether they would be less likely to experience later adverse social events than women counseled alone. Findings indicate that couple counseling did not increase the risk of adverse social events associated with HIV disclosure.
WOMEN'S HEALTH NEWS
Uganda: Harsh Husbands Bar Wives from AIDS Treatment
(News Article)
Violence from husbands prevents wives from going for HIV/AIDS testing and treatment, Ugandan women have said.
Sudan: AU Protects Women from Attacks in North Darfur Camp
(News Article)
African Union (AU) personnel in the western Sudanese state of North Darfur have started providing armed escorts for displaced women and girls to protect them from attacks.
Afghanistan: Domestic Violence Intolerable, say Battered Women and Girls
(Feature Article)
A new women’s shelter in the capital Kabul, illustrates how routinely women continue to suffer rights violations in conservative, patriarchal Afghanistan.
YOUTH HEALTH RESEARCH
Sexual Behaviour of Secondary School Adolescents in Ilesa, Nigeria: Implications for the Spread of STIs Including HIV/AIDS
(Abstract)
This research examined the sexual behavior and perception of the risk of HIV/AIDS and other STIs among adolescents in Nigerian secondary schools. Many of the respondents had multiple sexual partners. The authors found poor perception of the risk of STIs, including HIV.
Intimacy Revealed: Sexual Experimentation and the Construction of Risk Among Young People in Mozambique
(Abstract)
This paper identifies the contexts and rules governing sexual risk-taking among young people in Maputo, Mozambique. In doing so, the paper affirms the importance of context in understanding risk practices, but highlights the fluidity of practice as an important limitation for the use of contextual analysis in prevention interventions.
Rising Incidence and Prevalence of Orphanhood in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, 1998 to 2003
(Abstract)
This study quantified and described orphan incidence in Manicaland, eastern Zimbabwe. Results show that orphan incidence and prevalence are high and increasing due to HIV in eastern Zimbabwe.
Obstacles to Condom Use Among Secondary School Students in Maputo city, Mozambique
(Abstract)
This study explores how urban youth in Mozambique perceive their sexual behavior and identifies the factors that hinder them from having safer sex in the context of HIV/AIDS, with special emphasis on condom use. One major obstacle to the use of condoms was young people's belief that they did not have to use condoms in steady relationships built on love and trust. Students' understandings of pleasure, lack of accurate information, lack of sex education at home and at school, and gender inequalities further contribute to making condom use a difficult issue.
YOUTH HEALTH NEWS
Uganda: Pupils with HIV Not Helped
(News Article)
Ankole businessmen have expressed concern about the government's lack of concern for children living with HIV/AIDS in boarding schools.
Uganda: 50% of HIV Kids Die at 2 Yrs
(News Article)
Over 50% of the children infected by HIV/AIDS die by their second birthday, a new medical book launched at Makerere University Medical School has revealed.
BOOKS/BOOK REVIEWS
The African State and the AIDS Crisis
(Book)
This edited volume analyzes African state responses to the AIDS epidemic. Institutionally weak, limited in resources, and lacking power in the international system, the African state has been characterized as inefficient, corrupt, and illegitimate. The volume questions how aspects of the African state have affected policy responses to AIDS. It highlights how African states must initiate, develop and/or implement the long-term policy solutions necessary to combat AIDS.
SPECIAL REPORTS/PROFILES/RESOURCES
Diaries from the Field
(Tool)
This is the first installment in a series of electronic journals on the Population Reference Bureau’s website that reflect day-to-day issues facing reproductive health specialists who work in communities in developing countries. This diary is by Dr. Benno de Keijzer, a physician and founder of the Mexico-based organization, Salud y Género, which specializes in gender-related educational activities in the areas of mental, sexual, and reproductive health. In the diary, Dr. de Keijzer explores connections between reproductive health and issues related to gender—the economic, social, political, and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female. The diary also explores the importance of using participatory approaches for organizations working at the community level and the importance of allowing women, men, and young people to define their own needs.
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