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Volume 5, Number 31
1 August 2005

The Pop Reporter is now available in both CD-ROM (January 2004 to present) and print archives (past 6 months) formats. These items are intended for users in low-resource settings. For print or CD-ROM archives, contact Ghazaleh Samandari at gsamanda@jhuccp.org with your request and complete mailing address.

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH

Female condom is not popular, says professor
(News Article; Asia)
Daily Express
Female condoms as a reversible method of family planning are not popular even in the West, let alone in Malaysia, according to Associate Professor Dr Jamiyah Hassan of Universiti Malaya Medical Centre. He said it is not popular in Malaysia because it is "noisy", having a "swishing" sound during use.

Women Connect! Strengthening Communications to Meet Sexual and Reproductive Health Challenges
(Research Article; North Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa)
Journal of Health Communication. 2005 Jun;10(4):361-371.
Pillsbury B | Mayer D
This article describes an initiative to assist women's NGOs in developing greater skills using media and information communication technology for communicating women's health messages. Participating women's groups in Africa undertook innovative media projects and designed websites, established Internet cafes, and downloaded health information from the Internet. Lessons learned offer guidance for collaboration with women's NGOs everywhere to strengthen communication for addressing critical sexual and reproductive health issues.

The Unfinished Agenda for Reproductive Health: Priorities for the Next 10 Years
(Commentary; Global)
International Family Planning Perspectives. 2005 Jun;31(2):90-93.
Germain A | Kidwell J
This article reviews the progress made and obstacles still facing the global community a decade after goals were set at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo.

Siblings' Premarital Childbearing and the Timing of First Sex in Three Major Cities of Côte d'Ivoire
(Research Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
International Family Planning Perspectives. 2005 Jun;31(2):54-62.
Diop-Sidibé N
This study examined the association between youths' sexual and reproductive attitudes and behaviors and those of their siblings. In general, among those with at least one sibling who had had a premarital birth, the probability was lower if the sibling or siblings and the respondent were of the same gender rather than opposite genders, and the probability was lowest among those who had a brother and a sister with a history of premarital childbearing. For males, having one or more brothers only, or having at least one brother and at least one sister, with a history of premarital childbearing was associated with increased relative risks of being sexually experienced by ages 17 and 24.

IARC monographs programme finds combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and menopausal therapy are carcinogenic to humans
(Press Release; Global)
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Related News Article: Hormone pills added to list of carcinogens
Related News Article: Birth control pill increases risks of cervical and breast cancer
An IARC Monographs Working Group has concluded that combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy are carcinogenic to humans, after a thorough review of the published scientific evidence. At the same time, the Working Group stressed that there is also convincing evidence that oral contraceptives have a protective effect against some types of cancer. There are both beneficial and adverse effects for oral contraceptives and menopausal therapy. Each woman who uses these products should discuss the overall risks and benefits with her doctor.

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEWS

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW AND POLICY

Amnesty International Launches Grassroots Internet Campaign to Encourage Rapid, Widespread Support of Violence Against Women Act
(Press Release; North America)
Amensty International USA
Related Commentary: Bad Research Leads to Bad Law
Related Bibliography: References examining assaults by women on their spouses or male partners: An annotated bibliography
Amnesty International USA launched its 700women.org campaign, an innovative web-based initiative to push for congressional reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), legislation that has helped millions of domestic violence and sexual assault victims and is due to expire in September. Critics of the VAWA legislation point out that the Act incorrectly assumes that women, and not men, are the sole victims of domestic violence, and it has been influential in denying men access to shelters. Martin S. Fiebert, Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, offers a bibliography of 136 empirical studies and 36 reviews and/or analyses which "demonstrate that women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive, than men in their relationships with their spouses or male partners."

Do Empowered Mothers Foster Gender Equity and Better Reproductive Health in the Next Generation? A Qualitative Analysis from Rural Bangladesh
(Policy Brief; Asia)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Washington, DC, Population Reference Bureau, Jan 2005.
Feldman-Jacobs C
The study, which incorporates data from research spanning a decade in rural Bangladesh, investigates whether empowered mothers and mothers-in-law are more likely to promote better reproductive health and positive gender norms (such as delayed age at marriage, postponement of childbearing, and improved economic opportunities) among married daughters and daughtersin-law in the next generation.

HIV/AIDS RESEARCH

Condom Programming for HIV Prevention: An Operations Manual for Program Managers
(Tool; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
New York, NY, United Nations Population Fund, World Health Organization, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, 2005.
Coffey PS | Kols A | Kilbourne-Brook M | Finkle C
This manual outlines a seven-step process to improve the effectiveness of existing condom programs or to create a new condom program. It is designed to give managers practical and specific advice on condom programming.

Driving HIV Away: Helping Taxi Drivers Protect Themselves and Others
(Report; Sub-Saharan Africa)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Arlington, VA, Family Health International, May 2005.
Taravella S
This article reports on a USAID-funded program to educate taxi drivers in Ethiopia about HIV so they can better protect themselves and their families.

Tuberculosis and HIV Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Impact on Patients and Programmes; Implications for Policies
(Abstract; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2005 Aug;10(8):734.
Maher D | Harries A | Getahun H
This article reviews the impact of HIV and tuberculosis on policy and programs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Private Providers and HIV Testing in Pune, India: Challenges and Opportunities
(Abstract; Asia)
AIDS Care. 2005 Aug;17(6):757-766.
Sheikh K | Rangan S | Kielmann K | Deshpande S | Datye V | Porter J
This study explored HIV testing practices of private medical providers in an urban Indian setting in Pune, western India. Results indicate that prolific HIV testing in the private medical sector is accompanied by inappropriate practices and inadequate knowledge, reflecting deficiencies in the implementation of policy guidelines.

Couples at Risk: HIV-1 Concordance and Discordance Among Sexual Partners Receiving Voluntary Counseling and Testing in Uganda
(Abstract; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2005 Aug 15;39(5):576-580.
Malamba SS | Mermin JH | Bunnell R | Mubangizi J | Kalule J | Marum E | Hu DJ | Wangalwa S | Smith D | Downing R
This study determined correlates of HIV-1 concordance for couples receiving voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Several behavioral and biologic risk factors were associated with HIV concordance for couples. Providing early sexually transmitted disease diagnosis and treatment, antiretroviral therapy, and specially designed counseling to HIV-discordant couples may help prevent HIV transmission in couples where being in a stable sexual relationship is a major risk factor for HIV infection.

HIV/AIDS NEWS

Fighting HIV/AIDS - The grassroots model
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
This Day
The campaign against HIV/AIDS has been taken to Olurunda Local Government Area of Lagos State by the US Embassy in Nigeria. The specific focus is on five high risk border communities along Seme/Badagry road.

HIV/AIDS abstinence clubs inaugurated at Tepa
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
GhanaWeb.com
The Tepa Traditional Council, together with AFA Foundation, a non-governmental organisation (NGO) with funding from the Ghana AIDS Commission, is supporting the establishment of HIV/AIDS Abstinence Clubs in 21 basic schools in the Ahafo-Ano North District. The clubs have a total membership of 500.

Media plays crucial role in HIV/AIDS fight
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Daily News
Gaborone Health Minister Shiela Tlou says the media has a crucial role to play in the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.

SA condom sales rocket
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Finance24.com
Many South Africans are buying condoms as awareness of the unprecedented HIV/Aids pandemic peaks, but the jury's still out as to whether they are actually using them.

India to fight AIDS with female condoms
(News Article; Asia)
The Associated Press
India will introduce female condoms later this year to help fight the spread of AIDS among its billion-plus population, with cheap supplies available to commercial sex workers, the state-owned contraceptive maker said.

HIV/AIDS prevalence on the rise in Uganda hotspots
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
The East African
Kisenyi fishing village on Lake George in western Uganda has been found to have an 8.1% HIV/AIDS infection rate, according to the latest survey results.

Zimbabwe: HIV-Positive People Dispersed in 'Cleanup' Operation
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Integrated Regional Information Networks
Scores of HIV/AIDS patients whose treatment programs have been disrupted find themselves in peril after being forcibly relocated to parts of rural Zimbabwe.

AIDS Fight 'Needs Science to Translate into Policy'
(News Article; Global)
Science and Development Network
Efforts to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS will only be effective if the gap between scientific discovery and health policy is narrowed, said researchers and policymakers at an international conference in Brazil.

UN pins hope on microbe buster in AIDS fight
(News Article; Global)
Reuters
Microbe-killing antiseptics hold some of the best promise for giving women a way to fight AIDS, but a shortage of funds is hindering their development, the world's top authority on the pandemic said.

Glaxo Speeds up Testing in Race for New AIDS Drug
(News Article; Global)
Reuters
GlaxoSmithKline Plc said it had begun final Phase III trials in June of a new kind of pill that can block the AIDS virus before it enters human cells.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH

Effects of Vitamin A Supplementation on Child Mortality: Evidence from Nepal's 2001 Demographic and Health Survey
(Abstract; Asia)
Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2005 Aug;10(8):782.
Thapa S | Choe MK | Retherford RD
This study assessed the effect of Nepal's vitamin A supplementation program on child mortality at age 12-59 months. After a number of potentially confounding variables are controlled, the effect of 100% community-level vitamin A coverage since the child's birth, relative to no coverage, is to reduce the odds of dying at age 12-59 months by slightly more than half.

Focused Antenatal Care: A Better, Cheaper, Faster, Evidence-based Approach
(Report; Global)
Baltimore, MD, INFO Project, June 2005. (Global Health Technical Briefs, # 12)
Stephenson P
This technical brief, from the INFO Project, describes a World Health Organization antenatal care package that includes only counseling, examinations, and tests that serve immediate purposes and have proven health benefit.

Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Vitória, Brazil: Factors Associated with Lack of HIV Prevention
(Abstract; South America)
AIDS Care. 2005 Aug;17(6):721-728.
Miranda AE | Soares RA | Prado BC | Monteiro RB | Figueiredo NC
This study describes the profile of HIV-infected pregnant women attending municipal hospitals in Vitória and identifies the causes associated with the lack of HIV therapeutic prophylaxis.

Availability, Distribution and Use of Emergency Obstetric Care in Northern Tanzania
(Abstract; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Health Policy and Planning. 2005 May;20(3):167-175.
Olsen OE | Ndeki S | Norheim OF
This study determined the availability, distribution, and quality of facilities providing delivery services, as well as their use by pregnant women in Tanzania. The results show that there is a very low availability of basic emergency obstetric care and a relatively high availability of comprehensive emergency obstetric care, both with large urban/rural variation.

Formal and Informal Fees for Maternal Health Care Services in Five Countries: Policies, Practices, and Perspectives
(Working Paper; North Africa | Asia | South America | Sub-Saharan Africa)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
POLICY Working Paper Series, June 2005. (No. 16)
Sharma S | Smith S | Sonneveldt E | Pine M | Dayaratna V | Sanders R
This study was conducted simultaneously in five countries: Egypt, India (Uttaranchal), Kenya, Peru, and Vietnam. The objectives were to survey actual costs to consumers for antenatal and delivery care; survey current fee and waiver mechanisms; assess the degree to which these mechanisms function; assess the degree to which informal costs to consumers constitute a barrier to service; and review current policies and practices regarding the setting of fees and the collection, retention, and use of revenue.

Comparison of Mother-to-Child Transmission Rates in Ugandan Women With Subtype A Versus D HIV-1 Who Received Single-Dose Nevirapine Prophylaxis: HIV Network for Prevention Trials 012
(Abstract; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2005 Aug 15;39(5):593-597.
Eshleman SH | Guay LA | Mwatha A | Brown E | Musoke P | Mmiro F | Jackson JB
This research compared the rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in women with subtype A versus D HIV-1 who received single-dose nevirapine. No significant difference was observed in the rate of MTCT in women with subtype A versus D. There was a trend toward a higher rate of MTCT among women with subtype D, however, which was also apparent among women whose infants were infected after 8 weeks of age.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NEWS

Maternal Mortality in South Asia is Second Highest: New Report
(News Article; Asia)
OneWorld South Asia
While South Asia has made spectacular technological advances, high mortality rates rob children and women in the region of their full potential, a senior United Nations Children's Fund official said recently.

'500 Die During Delivery'
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
The Monitor
The Minister of State in charge of Primary Health Care has said Uganda's maternal mortality rate is about 500 for every 100,000 live births.

MEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

The Policy Environment for Male Youth in Jamaica: Findings from a Pilot of the Gender Equitable Male Involvement (GEMI) Tool
(Report; Central America and the Caribbean)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Washington, DC, The POLICY Project, June 2005.
Eckman A | Kazembe L | McClure K | Hardee K
This report shares findings from a pilot of the POLICY Project’s Gender Equitable Male Involvement (GEMI) Assessment Tool. In October 2002, the POLICY Project used the GEMI tool to conduct an assessment of the policy environment related to gender-equitable male involvement in Jamaica, with a focus on male youth. Based on interviews with key stakeholders from a cross-section of government, civil society, and youth-serving organizations, the assessment sought to describe the current policy environment related to gender-equitable male involvement, and identify priority areas for developing or strengthening policies to support gender-equitable male involvement, and the related advocacy and policy dialogue, information, and capacity building needed to support this.

Challenges and Opportunities for Male Involvement in Reproductive Health in Cambodia
(Report; Asia)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
The POLICY Project, June 2005.
Walston N
This report offers recommendations to expand and strengthen male involvement in reproductive health in Cambodia.

MEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Impact of Male Circumcision on the Female-to-Male Transmission of HIV
(Abstract; Global)
Related Press Release: Activists Call on the United Nations to Classify Male Circumcision as a Human Rights Crime
Related News Article: Male Circumcision Might Reduce Risk of Female-to-Male HIV Transmission by About 65%, Study Presented at IAS Meeting Says
New research suggests circumcision could be effective in preventing the spread of HIV among men. In response to results of the study, presented at the Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, several intactivist groups called on the United Nations to classify circumcision of male children as a human rights crime.

POPULATION RESEARCH

Social and Geographic Distance in HIV Risk
(Abstract; North America)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2005 Aug;32(8):506-512.
Rothenberg R | Muth S | Malone S | Potterat JJ | Woodhouse DE
This study examined the relationship between social distance (measured as the geodesic, or shortest distance, between 2 people in a connected network) and geographic distance (measured as the actual distance between them in kilometers [km]). The association of social and geographic distance in an urban group of people at risk for HIV provides demonstration of the importance of geographic clustering in the potential transmission of HIV. The proximity of persons connected within a network, but not necessarily known to each other, suggests that a high probability of partner selection from within the group may be an important factor in maintenance of HIV endemicity.

POPULATION NEWS

Population of Males Falls in Japan
(News Article; Asia)
United Press International
Japan's male population has decreased, the first yearly decline since the survey was introduced in 1968.

WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

Reproductive Tract Infections Among Young Married Women in Tamil Nadu, India
(Research Article; Asia)
International Family Planning Perspectives. 2005 Jun;31(2):73-82.
Prasad JH | Abraham S | Kurz KM | George V | Lalitha MK | John R | Jayapaul MNR | Shetty N | Joseph A
A community-based cross-sectional study of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) was conducted in 1996–1997 among married women 16–22 years of age in Tamil Nadu, India. Analysis found that women who worked as agricultural laborers had an elevated likelihood of having an STI, as did those married 5 or more years. Two-thirds of symptomatic women had not sought any treatment; the reasons cited were absence of a female provider in the nearby health care center, lack of privacy, distance from home, cost, and a perception that their symptoms were normal.

High Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Female Sex Workers in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea: Correlates and Recommendations
(Abstract; Oceania)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2005 Aug;32(8):466-473.
Gare J | Lupiwa T | Suarkia DL | Paniu MM | Wahasoka A | Nivia H | Kono J | Yeka W | Reeder JC | Mgone CS
This study estimated the prevalence of gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomoniasis, and HIV among female sex workers (FSWs) in the Eastern Highlands Province (EHP)of Papua New Guinea and identified correlates that could be considered in intervention and control. STIs were found to be prevalent among FSWs in Goroka and Kainantu in the EHP and are maintained by widespread high-risk sexual behaviors, including low use of condoms.

WOMEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Darfur study, 2005: Basic needs, mental health, and women's health among IDPs
(News Article; North Africa)
Reuters
Related Report: Basic Needs, Mental Health and Women\'s Health Among Internally Displaced Persons in Nyala District, South Darfu, Sudan
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
A recent study conducted in South Darfur by Dr. Lynn Lawry (formerly Amowitz), Director of Evidence-Based Research for International Medical Corps, warns that while some of the displaced population’s basic needs are being met by humanitarian organizations, significant gaps persist in general health services, mental health, and women’s health needs.

Woman Education Main Challenge of African Societies
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Angola Press
Women's education must continue being the main bet of African societies, in order to safely fight against poverty, and for inclusion in the political sphere of decision-making, the Minister of Family and Promotion of Woman, Candida Celeste, said recently.

YOUTH HEALTH RESEARCH

Are Adolescents and Young Adults More Likely Than Older Women to Choose Commercial and Private Sector Providers of Modern Contraception?
(Research Article; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Washington, DC, The POLICY Project, June 2005.
Murray N | Dougherty L | Stewart L | Buek K | Chetterji M
This study tests the hypothesis suggested by many smaller studies that young people prefer to use private providers to access contraceptive methods. In Africa, data for most countries indicate that young women are significantly more likely to choose private and commercial sector providers. In
two of the four countries examined in Asia, young women were significantly more likely to choose the private sector. Only in the Latin American and Caribbean countries were young women generally less likely to choose private and commercial sector providers than older women.

Condom Use in African Adolescents: The Role of Individual and Group Factors
(Abstract; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Care. 2005 Aug;17(6):729 - 739.
Giles M | Liddell C | Bydawell M
This study assessed the ability of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to predict and explain condom use in a traditional African context and in particular to assess the relative contributions of individual and normative constructs. The results not only provide strong support for the predictive power of the TPB, since 67% of the variance in intention was explained, but also highlight the extent to which sexual behavior in a rural location is governed by family/social influences.

YOUTH HEALTH NEWS

Kenya: Indicators in northeast "unacceptable" – UNICEF head
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Integrated Regional Information Networks
The executive director of UNICEF, Anne Veneman, has called for more effort to improve health and education in Kenya’s remote northeastern region, where four out of five girls are never enrolled in school.

Early Marriage: A Violation of Girls' Rights
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Ghanaian Chronicle
Margaret Mary, the Director of the Center for Sustainable Development Initiative, says early marriage is a violation of women and girls' rights and a common one at that.

SPECIAL REPORTS/PROFILES/RESOURCES

The Dilemma of Past Success: Insiders' Views on the Future of the International Family
(Working Paper; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Baltimore, MD, The Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, May 2005.
Blanc AK | Tsui AO
Within a framework derived from the sociological literature on social movements, researchers use interviews and focus group discussions with population insiders to examine current perspectives on the status and future of the family planning movement, factors contributing to its declining international visibility, and possible responses from the family planning field.

Calendar of Events

See All Events

October 6, 2005 - October 7, 2005
The IAPAC European Sessions 2005, Amsterdam
Sessions include "Evolving Strategies in the Management of HAART-Related Metabolic/Morphologic Complications," "From Bench to Clinic: Optimizing HIV Clinical Management," and "From Bench to Clinic: Optimizing HIV Clinical Management."
Event Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands

November 5, 2005 - November 9, 2005
American Public Health Association 133rd Annual Meeting
The APHA Annual Meeting & Exposition is the oldest and largest gathering of public health professionals in the world, attracting more than 13,000 national and international physicians, administrators, nurses, educators, researchers, epidemiologists, and related health specialists. APHA’s meeting program addresses current and emerging health science, policy, and practice issues in an effort to prevent disease and promote health.
Event Location: New Orleans, Louisiana, United States

November 17, 2005 - November 21, 2005
3rd Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health
The theme for this upcoming conference is "Expanded and Comprehensive Response in Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) for All Communities". The oranizers expect this to be "a great opportunity for policy makers, programme planners, programme managers, service providers, GOs, NGOs, researchers, educators and funders to meet, discuss and share experiences, ideas as well as expertise with their counter-parts from Asia and the Pacific Region on important reproductive and sexual health issues."
Contact's Name: Conference Secretariat / E-Mail: hohui@meditech.com.my
Event Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

November 29, 2005 - December 1, 2005
The Population Association of Pakistan's Sixth Annual Population Research Conference
The theme of the Conference is "Linkages between Population and Millennium Development Goals: An Asian Perspective". The conference program focuses on critical population issues pertaining to MDGs in the Asian context. The sharing of knowledge among scholars and professionals will give them an opportunity to learn from each other’s experiences and identify avenues for future collaboration at a regional level.
Contact's Name: Mr. Akhlaq Ahmed / E-Mail: akhlaq@pcpak.org
Event Location: Islamabad, Pakistan

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Editor, The Pop Reporter

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: The INFO Project

Volume 5, Number 31 1 August 2005