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Volume 5, Number 49
5 December 2005
The Pop Reporter is available in CD-ROM (January 2004 to present) format. Contact Ghazaleh Samandari with your request and complete mailing address.
FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH
Will microbicide trials yield unbiased estimates of microbicide efficacy?
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Contraception. 2005 Dec;72(6):408-413.
Trussell J | Dominik R
This study evaluated the effect of adherence and condom use on apparent efficacy of microbicides. Nonuse of a microbicide and use of condoms may seriously impair the ability to identify an effective microbicide, and the implications are explained in this article.
Cross-cultural adaptation of reproductive health services in Bolivia 
(Report; South America)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Population Council, September 2005.
Salguero FG | Martín MA | Mendoza RP | Vernon R
This study reports the results of an operations research project that tested several strategies to make health services in Bolivia more culturally appropriate. The goal of this project was to increase women’s access to, use of, and satisfaction with health services in general, and reproductive health services in particular.
Tamoxifen treatment of bleeding irregularities associated with Norplant use
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | North Africa)
Contraception. 2005 Dec;72(6):432-437.
Abdel-Aleem H | Shaaban OM | Amin AF | Abdel-Aleem AM
Researchers evaluated the possible role of tamoxifen in treating bleeding irregularities associated with Norplant contraceptive use. Tamoxifen use at a dose of 10 mg twice daily orally, for 10 days, has a beneficial effect on vaginal bleeding associated with Norplant use. In addition, the bleeding pattern was better in women who used tamoxifen for the following 2 months after treatment. However, these results have to be confirmed in a larger trial before advocating this line of treatment.
Divergent approaches to partner notification for sexually transmitted infections across the European Union
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Europe)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2005 Dec;32(12):734-741.
Arthur G | Lowndes CM | Blackham J | Fenton KA | the European Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections (ESSTI) Network.
The objective of this study was to characterize partner notification (PN) policy and practice for STIs in the European Union (EU) and Norway. Considerable heterogeneity exists in approaches to PN. In two countries, PN is compulsory for notifiable STIs; and in 13, it is voluntary. Most countries use patient referral, but 5 of 15 also offer provider referral. Activity level varies by country and disease. Etiologic treatment of contacts is most common; five usually offer epidemiologic treatment, and patient-expedited treatment is unusual. Similarities exist with provision mainly by specialized STI treatment services for bacterial STIs.
A dose-ranging phase I study of dextrin sulphate, a vaginal microbicide, in HIV-negative and HIV-positive female volunteers
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | Europe)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2005 Dec;32(12):765-770.
McCormack S | Jespers V | Low-Beer N | Gabe R | Kaganson N | Chapman A | Nunn A | Lacey C | Van Damme L
This study examined the phase 1 dosing of 2 weeks of twice-daily dextrin sulphate (DS), a vaginal microbicide, in HIV-pos/neg volunteers. Although there was no clear explanation for the spotting, DS was well tolerated. It was decided to proceed with DS in an expanded safety study in Africa but to restrict entry to low-risk HIV-negative women, include a no-gel group, and monitor intermenstrual bleeding closely.
Continuity and change in premarital sexual behavior in Vietnam
(Report; Asia)
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Population Studies Center, December 2005.
Ghuman S | Loi MH | Huy VT | Knodel J
The authors examine trends in premarital sexual behavior in the Red River Delta and Ho Chi Minh city and surrounding environs in Vietnam using data collected in 2003-2004 from men and women married during three different periods in Vietnamese history. They also describe levels of premarital sex by type of sexual partner (spouse or non-spouse) and with whom individuals first have sex. The recent increases in premarital sex among men in the Red River Delta have led to convergence in the levels of premarital sex between northern and southern Vietnam, although there are important regional differences in whether men have sex before marriage with someone other than their future wife. Women are considerably less likely to report having had premarital sex than men.
Spontaneous upward movement of lowly placed T-shaped IUDs
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | Europe)
Contraception. 2005 Dec;72(6):430-431.
Morales-Rosello J
This study assessed the possible progression of intrauterine devices (IUDs) to a lower or upper position in women. Lowly inserted T-shaped IUDs tend to move upward after insertion. Therefore, initial concern about low placement of a T-shaped IUD is not justified as most of them spontaneously re-adjust their position.
FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEWS
Brazil plans to distribute a billion condoms
(News Article; South America)
1 Dec 2005
All Headline News
Brazil's Health Minister says the country plans to distribute one billion free condoms next year in its effort to fight AIDS.
FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW AND POLICY
Mexico makes rape within marriage a crime
(News Article; Central America and the Caribbean)
16 Nov 2005
Reuters
Mexico's Supreme Court has ruled that forced sexual relations within marriage constitutes rape, making it a crime throughout the country for the first time. Laws are already on the books in some states in Mexico and in Mexico City establishing the crime of rape within marriage but the unanimous ruling now makes it illegal anywhere in Mexico.
Chile's supreme court rules sale of emergency contraception constitutional
(News Article; South America)
30 Nov 2005
Kaiser Network Daily Women's Health Policy Report
Chile's Supreme Court unanimously upheld a lower court's decision that none of the country's laws bar the sale of Schering's emergency contraceptive Postinor 2.
HIV/AIDS RESEARCH
Environmental-structural interventions to reduce HIV/STI risk among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Central America and the Caribbean)
American Journal of Public Health. Online access November 29, 2005.
Kerrigan D | Moreno L | Rosario S | Gomez B | Jerez H | Barrington C | Weiss E | Sweat M
This study assessed the effectiveness of two environmental-structural interventions in reducing risks of HIV and STIs among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic. Results show interventions that combine community solidarity and government policy show positive initial effects on HIV and STI risk reduction among female sex workers.
Intensifying HIV prevention: UNAIDS policy position paper
(Report; Global)
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Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 2005.
The primary goal of this paper is to energize and mobilize an intensification of HIV prevention with an ultimate aim of universal access to HIV prevention and treatment. The paper defines the central actions that must be taken to arrest the spread of new HIV infections and to turn the tide against AIDS. It identifies what needs to be done to speedily and effectively bridge the HIV prevention gap, building on synergies between HIV prevention and care, and to ensure the sustainability of HIV treatment scale-up in the present context. It highlights the role of UNAIDS in relation to intensifying HIV prevention and points to ways in which jointly supportive action can be achieved.
HIV and mobile workers: a review of risks and programmes among truckers in West Africa
(Report; Sub-Saharan Africa)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
International Organization for Migration and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2005.
This volume, jointly produced by the IOM and the Joint United National Programme on HIV/AIDS, reviews HIV-related risks and programmes for a category of worker who moves from place to place for professional reasons, truckers. It focuses on a region not well covered by other reviews, West Africa, with references to South Asia in order to highlight similarities when the profession is the same, but the region is different.
First-line antiretroviral therapy in Africa--how evidence-based are our recommendations?
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Reviews. 2005 Jul-Sep;7(3):148-154.
Colebunders R | Kamya MR | Laurence J | Kambugu A | Byakwaga H | Mwebaze PS | Muganga AM | Katwere M | Katabira E
According to the World Health Organization guidelines, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) along with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) is the treatment of choice as first-line antiretroviral therapy. The generic fixed-drug combination of nevirapine plus two NRTI seems at the moment to be the best choice. It is clear, however, that antiretroviral programs should not rely only on this combination for initial antiretroviral treatment. Most importantly, more HIV clinical trials need to be conducted in Africa, and African cohorts of patients on antiretroviral therapy need to be established in order to develop recommendations that are evidence based.
"But where are our moral heroes?": an analysis of South African press reporting on children affected by HIV/AIDS
(Working Paper; Sub-Saharan Africa)
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Children’s Institute and Centre for Social Science Research, 2005.
Meintjes H | Bray R
This paper applies discourse analysis to a series of articles on children affected by HIV/AIDS published in 2002/2003 in the English-medium South African press. The paper argues that in each instance, the particular moralism is questionable in the light of both empirical evidence and principles of human dignity underlying the South African constitution.
Cost-effectiveness of free HIV voluntary counseling and testing through a community-based AIDS service organization in Northern Tanzania
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
American Journal of Public Health. Online access November 29, 2005.
Thielman NM | Chu HY | Ostermann J | Itemba DK | Mgonja A | Mtweve S | Bartlett JA | Shao JF | Crump JA
This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of fee-based and free testing strategies at an HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) program integrated into a community-based AIDS service organization in Moshi, Tanzania. Findings indicate that the provision of free VCT enhances both the number of clients testing per day and its cost-effectiveness in resource-limited settings.
Socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics associated with human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) infection in HIV-1-exposed but uninfected individuals, and in HIV-1-infected patients from a southern Brasilian population
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; South America)
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo. 2005 Oct;47(5):239-246.
Reiche EM | Bonametti AM | Watanabe MA | Morimoto HK | Morimoto AA | Wiechmann SL | Bregano JW | Matsuo T | Reiche FV
This study describes the socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics associated with HIV-1 infection in subjects in south of Brazil. The patients with AIDS showed the highest rates of seropositivity for syphilis (25.6%), of anti-HCV (22.3%), and anti-HTLV I/II obtained by two serological screening tests (6.2% and 6.8%, respectively). The results documenting the predominant characteristics for HIV-1 infection among residents of Londrina and region, could be useful for the improvement of current HIV-1 prevention, monitoring and therapeutic programs targeted at this population.
HIV/AIDS NEWS
Indian PM: 'Talk about safe sex'
(News Article; Asia)
1 Dec 2005
BBC News
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has urged Indians to start talking more openly about safe sex to check the spread of the HIV virus that causes AIDS.
World AIDS Day marked by UN-supported events, new initiatives worldwide
(News Article; Global)
1 Dec 2005
UN News Centre
Under the 2005 banner "Stop AIDS. Keep the Promise," the United Nations system around the world observed World AIDS Day through the launch of new initiatives and through ceremonies at the largest cathedral in New York, cricket stadiums in Lahore and Auckland, and a range of other venues.
Controversy clouds World Aids Day
(News Article; Global)
1 Dec 2005
BBC News
International disagreement over how to fight the global HIV/Aids pandemic has persisted on World Aids Day. Swaziland, with the world's highest rate of HIV, cut AIDS day events, and South Africa's health minister publicly refused to back anti-retroviral drugs.
UN gives Afghanistan AIDS warning
(News Article; Asia)
1 Dec 2005
BBC News
The United Nations in Afghanistan says there is an increasing risk of HIV spreading across the country.
Pope avoids condom issue in AIDS message
(News Article; Global)
30 Nov 2005
Reuters
Pope Benedict said recently he felt close to victims of AIDS and encouraged efforts to find a cure for the killer disease but avoided the thorny issue of the Roman Catholic Church's ban on condoms.
Affirming US AIDS plan
(News Article; Global)
2 Dec 2005
Newsday
President George W. Bush marked World AIDS Day by reaffirming America's commitment to fight the disease around the world, while critics said treatment is not being delivered quickly or broadly enough to save lives, especially in Africa.
Asia owns up to AIDS, slowly
(News Article; Asia)
2 Dec 2005
Business Week
Long in denial over the problem, Chinese officials are allowing some outside help into the country. But India's leaders are dragging.
Door-to-door AIDS tests for Lesotho
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
2 Dec 2005
Telegraph (UK)
A door-to-door campaign offering free testing for HIV/AIDS was recently launched in the tiny mountain kingdom of Lesotho to try to curb a disease that affects about a third of its population.
Cuba fights AIDS with free drugs, not quarantine
(News Article; Central America and the Caribbean)
30 Nov 2005
Reuters
Universal free access to locally made generic antiretroviral drugs has kept AIDS cases and deaths very low in Cuba, said the UNAIDS program. Cuba stopped quarantining in 1993 and allows people with HIV to stay at home after a course to teach them how to look after themselves and not spread the virus.
Russian beauty pageant aims to ease stigma of HIV/AIDS
(News Article; Asia)
1 Dec 2005
Voice of America
Russia is marking International HIV/AIDS Day with a ceremony to crown a Miss HIV Positive in a beauty pageant aimed to ease the stigma associated with the disease. Russia still faces formidable obstacles in its fight against AIDS.
Cricket can reduce stigma attached to HIV/AIDS patients: UNAIDS
(News Article; Asia)
2 Dec 2005
Web India 123
UNAIDS has said that cricket could play an important role in reducing the social stigma attached to patients suffering from the disease.
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH
Contextual influences on the use of health facilities for childbirth in Africa
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
American Journal of Public Health. Online access November 29, 2005.
Stephenson R | Baschieri A | Clements S | Hennink M | Madise N
This study examined community-level influences on the decision to deliver a child in a health facility across six African countries. Researchers found strong community-level influences on a woman's decision to deliver her child in a health facility. Several pathways of influence between the community and individual were identified.
Accelerating reproductive and child health program development: the Navrongo initiative in Ghana
(Working Paper; Sub-Saharan Africa)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
New York, The Population Council, 2005.
Phillips JF | Bawah AA | Binka FN
This paper presents an approach to program development in Ghana that is using research to accelerate policy implementation.
HIV-HCV co-infection during pregnancy
(Abstract; Europe)
Minerva Ginecology. 2005 Dec;57(6):627-635.
Ferrero S | Bertoldi S | Lungaro P | Nicoletti A | Gotta C | Bentivoglio G
This study described the management of HIV-HCV co-infected women during pregnancy and reported the rates of HIV and HCV vertical transmission in a particular population in Italy. The improved prognosis for HIV-infected people has increased the desire of parenthood. The authors conclude that there is no evidence to support advising against pregnancy in HIV-HCV co-infected women.
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NEWS
Russian tragedy: AIDS infants become outcasts
(Feature Article; Asia)
1 Dec 2005
Casper Star Tribune
Most children of women with HIV aren't born infected, but they cannot be reliably tested for the virus until they are 15 to 18 months old, and many mothers abandon them in the belief that they and the babies will soon be dead.
Private practitioners hampering govt’s 'Safe Motherhood Project'
(News Article; Asia)
30 Nov 2005
Daily Times (Pakistan)
Private practitioners in Sheikhupura district are trying to hamper the 'Punjab Safe Motherhood Initiative Project,' according to the project's director, because of its success.
MEN'S HEALTH NEWS
Jamaican men use gender power in the bedroom
(News Article; Central America and the Caribbean)
1 Dec 2005
Jamaica Gleaner
Executive director of the National Family Planning Board (NFPB), Dr. Olivia McDonald, says men are continuing to determine the type of family planning methods used in relationships despite the advancement of Jamaican women.
POPULATION RESEARCH
The Quantum and Tempo of Life-Cycle Events
(Working Paper; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
New York, The Population Council, 2005.
Bongaarts J | Feeney G
This study develops and applies a general framework for the analysis of the period quantum and tempo of life-cycle events, extending methods developed previously by the authors.
Family size, demographic change, and educational attainment: the case of Brazil
(Report; South America)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Population Studies Center, November 2005.
Marteleto L
This paper investigates the effects of family size in Brazil on schooling of cohorts of children born pre- and post-demographic transition. Analyses of nationally representative data show that children benefit from small family sizes in both cohorts. Fertility decline has benefited education through changes in children’s distribution across family sizes, not from a decrease in the negative association between family size and schooling.
Population and sustainability
(Working Paper; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
The Population Council, 2005.
McNicoll G
This paper reviews the implications of various features of modern demographic change for sustainable development gauged in terms of their effects both on the development process and on its outcomes (human well-being and environmental conditions).
WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH
High prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among indirect sex workers in Cambodia
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2005 Dec;32(12):745-751.
Kim AA | Sun LP | Chhorvann C | Lindan C | Van Griensven F | Kilmarx PH | Sirivongrangson P | Louie JK | Leng HB | Page-Shafer K
This study assessed the baseline prevalence of and risk factors for HIV and other STIs among beer girls enrolled in a behavioral intervention in Battambang, Cambodia. Findings suggest high sexual risk among these women in Cambodia.
Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
American Journal of Public Health. Online access November 29, 2005.
Koenig MA | Stephenson R | Ahmed S | Jejeebhoy SJ | Campbell J
Researchers examined individual- and community-level influences on domestic violence in Uttar Pradesh, North India. Recent physical and sexual domestic violence was associated with the individual-level variables of childlessness, economic pressure, and intergenerational transmission of violence. A community environment of violent crime was associated with elevated risks of both physical and sexual violence. Community-level norms concerning wife beating were significantly related only to physical violence.
Women and postfertilization effects of birth control: consistency of beliefs, intentions and reported use
(Research Article; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
BMC Women's Health. 2005;5(1):11.
Dye HM | Stanford JB | Alder SC | Kim HS | Murphy PA
This study assesses the consistency of responses among women regarding their beliefs about the mechanisms of actions of birth control methods, beliefs about when human life begins, the intention to use or not use birth control methods that they believe may act after fertilization or implantation, and their reported use of specific methods. Women who believe that life begins at fertilization may not intend to use a birth control method that could have postfertilization effects. However, many women were uncertain about the mechanisms of action of specific methods. To respect the principles of informed consent, some women may need more education about what is known and not known about the mechanisms of action of birth control methods.
WOMEN'S HEALTH NEWS
Vietnamese woman has 2.1 children on average: survey
(News Article; Asia)
2 Dec 2005
Xinhua
Each Vietnamese woman, has, on average, 2.1 children, compared with the figure of 2.7 in Southeast Asian countries, according to a survey by the country's General Statistics Office and the United Nations Population Fund.
HIV cases rise among married women in India
(News Article; Asia)
1 Dec 2005
Xinhua
Accounting for 5.1 million of the 6 million people living with HIV in South Asia, India is also witnessing a worrying rise in the number of married women getting infected by their husbands.
Obstacles remain to wide adoption of female condom
(Feature Article; Global)
Online access November 2005.
Worley H
This article from the Population Reference Bureau explains how the female condom could be critical in reducing the HIV rate for married women.
YOUTH HEALTH RESEARCH
Addressing the paediatric HIV epidemic: a perspective from the Western Cape Region of South Africastar, open
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 2006 Jan;100(1):19-23.
Eley B
In the Western Cape province of South Africa, a prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) intervention program, based on short-course nevirapine, achieved universal coverage in 2003. Despite this program, an estimated 1400–1650 HIV-infected children were born in the province in that year. These crude estimates suggest that there are many children in the province who need medical care. Several strategies could collectively reduce the size of the pediatric epidemic and improve the outcome of HIV-infected children in the region, including intensification of the existing PMTCT program and provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for children with moderate or severe disease.
Integrating HIV management for children into the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 2006 Jan;100(1):10-13.
Qazi SA | Muhe LM
Currently, very few children under 15 years of age receive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Chronic HIV care of children, including ART for children, has been developed within the Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness (IMAI) initiative of the WHO. Through this initiative, the WHO is assisting countries to facilitate care and treatment of children undergoing ART.
YOUTH HEALTH NEWS
Baltic girls forced into sex slavery
(News Article; Europe)
28 Nov 2005
BBC News
Five Albanian pimps have been convicted of sex trafficking offences after a trial at Southwark Crown Court.
S Africa allows 12-year-olds access to condoms
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
2 Dec 2005
Xinhua
South African children's rights activists welcomed the fact that members of parliament gave their approval for children as young as 12 years old to be allowed access to contraceptives without their parents' consent.
Pakistan: 14 people arrested over "honour" marriages
(News Article; Asia)
30 Nov 2005
ADNK International
Fourteen people have been arrested in Pakistan on the directive of Prime Minister Shuakat Aziz following an appeal for help by the families of five girls to the Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf and the Supreme Court to save their daughters from the custom of 'vani' - a tribal tradition whereby disputes are settled through 'marrying' girls from the offending family to men from the supposedly aggrieved clan.
Boy dies at circumcision school
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
28 Nov 2005
News24.com
One boy has died and eight others were admitted to Mthatha general hospital after they fell ill at a circumcision school in the area, the Eastern Cape (South Africa) health department has said.
BOOKS/BOOK REVIEWS
Fertility transition in south India
(Book; Asia)
New Delhi, Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. 2005.
This volume brings together 13 well-researched and original essays which describe and analyse the trajectory of fertility decline in the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.
Calendar of Events
May 30, 2006 - June 29, 200637th Summer Seminar on Population
The East-West Center announces its 37th annual Summer Seminar on Population at the East West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. There are three independent but concurrent workshops, along with seminar-wide activities. The three workshops are: Communicating with Policymakers about Population and Health (Coordinators: Sidney Westley and Phyllis Piotrow); From Analysis to Action: Advocating for Effective HIV Responses (Coordinators: Tim Brown, Dimitri Prybylski, Chris Ward, Wiwat Peerapatanapokin); and Livable Cities in Pacific Asia: Research Methods for Policy Analysis (Coordinators: Peter Xenos and Michael Douglass).
Contact's Name: Eugene Alexander / E-Mail: AlexandE@EastWestCenter.org
Event Location: Honolulu, Hawaii
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