Volume 6, Number 28
17 July 2006

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FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH

Mapping indicators of sexually transmitted infection services in the South African public health sector
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | Sub-Saharan Africa)
Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2006 Jul;11(7):1047-1057.
Kleinschmidt I | Ramkissoon A | Morris N | Mabude Z | Curtis B | Beksinska M
In 2002 a national survey of public health care (PHC) facilities was conducted to develop measurable indicators for monitoring and evaluation of the National STI program. In this paper researchers present maps of key indicators obtained from the survey and discuss their programmatic implications. The maps of indicators of STI services at PHC facilities show that there are important differences in quality of service within South Africa and underscore the usefulness of facility level routine data both for local program monitoring and planning and for providing a national "bird's eye view" of program performance.

Over-the-counter pill provision: evidence from Jamaica
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Central America and the Caribbean)
Studies in Family Planning. 2006 Jun;37(2):99-110.
Chin-Quee DS | Cuthbertson C | Janowitz B
In 15 pharmacies in Jamaica, mystery clients approached pharmacists to determine their willingness to sell oral contraceptives and to solicit information from them about correct use of the method. In addition to data from mystery-client observations, interviews were conducted with 78 pharmacists and with 524 pharmacy customers who bought oral contraceptives, providing complementary information about knowledge of, attitudes toward, and experiences with the method. Analysis of the combined findings suggests that over-the-counter provision of oral contraceptives is a safe, practical, and effective method of distribution in Jamaica.

Domestic violence and contraceptive adoption in Uttar Pradesh, India
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Studies in Family Planning. 2006 Jun;37(2):75-86.
Stephenson R | Koenig MA | Ahmed S
This study examines the association between domestic violence and the subsequent adoption of modern contraception in North India. A significant negative association was found between a husband's reporting of using physical domestic violence against his wife and the couple's adoption of a modern method of contraception. Community norms that were more tolerant of domestic violence were, in contrast, not a significant predictor of subsequent method adoption.

One measure, two motives. Prediction of condom use and interaction between two prevention goals among heterosexual young adults: preventing pregnancy and/or sexually transmitted diseases
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Europe)
Prevention Science. Online access July 6, 2006.
Hoefnagels C | Hospers HJ | Hosman C | Schouten L | Schaalma H
This study compared the determinants of condom use for STD prevention when contraception is not an issue. Results showed that two STD risk-perception variables distinguished between consistent and non-consistent reporters of their intention to use condoms.

Mothers' attitudes towards preventing cervical cancer through human papillomavirus vaccination: a qualitative study
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | Europe)
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2006 Jul;15(7):1257-1261.
Waller J | Marlow LA | Wardle J
This study explored mothers' attitudes towards vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV). Twenty-four mothers of girls ages 8 to 14 years took part in four focus groups. Mothers were broadly in favor of HPV vaccination but had reservations, particularly about vaccinating girls as young as 10.

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEWS

Schoolgirls may get vaccinations against cervical cancer
(News Article; Global | Europe)
14 Jul 2006
The Guardian Unlimited
Parents in the UK are being discreetly canvassed on whether they would let their adolescent daughters be vaccinated against cervical cancer as the Department of Health prepares the ground for a national immunization program. Boys may also be given jabs to protect against the sexually transmitted virus that causes the cancer in women and has been linked to rare male cancers.

Zimbabwe: Zimbabweans opt for fewer children
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
12 Jul 2006
The Herald
Related News Article: Zimbabwe: educated women control birth rate
Most Zimbabweans are opting to have between two and three children owing to a number of factors, the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey has shown.

China grapples with abortion of females
(News Article; Asia)
12 Jul 2006
United Press International
China's one-child policy and a growing number of selective abortions to reduce female births has created political divisiveness.

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW AND POLICY

A governmental guide to sex work...
(News Article; South America)
10 Jul 2006
IOL
A newspaper reports that the Brazilian labor ministry advises prostitutes how to attract better customers through perfumes and then to properly invest their savings in a link on its official Internet site.

HIV/AIDS RESEARCH

International assistance for HIV/AIDS in the developing world: taking stock of the G8, other donor governments and the European Commission
(Report; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Menlo Park, CA, USA, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, July 2006.
Kates J | Lief E
This report from the Kaiser Family Foundation provides a detailed overview of how donors finance the international response to HIV/AIDS and presents the latest data on G8 and EC funding commitments and disbursements. The report also discusses the concept of "fair share" and examines different methodologies for assessing fair share among donors.

Uganda HIV/AIDS sero-behavioural survey
(Report; Sub-Saharan Africa)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Calverton, Maryland, USA, Ministry of Health (Uganda), and ORC Macro, March 2006.
Ministry of Health (MOH) [Uganda] | ORC Macro.
The 2005-04 Uganda HIV/AIDS Sero-Behavioural Survey included HIV testing of over 18,000 adults and 8,000 children under age 5. The survey found that 6.5% of Ugandan adults age 15-49 are HIV positive. HIV prevalence is significantly higher among women than men and among urban residents than their rural counterparts. For both sexes, rates of infection rise with age, peaking at 12% among women in their early 30s and 9% among men age 35-44. HIV prevalence is substantially higher among women than men under age 35. At ages 50-59 the pattern reverses, and prevalence among men is higher than among women. The survey found that the prevalence of STIs is very high in Uganda. Almost half of women and over one-third of men have the herpes simplex 2 virus. About one in 10 men and women have Hepatitis B, and 3% of men and women have syphilis.

HIV/AIDS/STI/TB knowledge, beliefs and practices of traditional healers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Care. 2006 Aug;18(6):608-613.
Peltzer K | Mngqundaniso N | Petros G
This study investigated the HIV/AIDS/STI and TB knowledge, beliefs, and practices of traditional healers in South Africa. Results indicate that the most common conditions seen were STIs, a variety of chronic conditions, HIV/AIDS (20%), and tuberculosis (29%). Although most healers had a correct knowledge of the major HIV transmission routes, prevention methods, and ARV treatment, their knowledge was poorer on other HIV transmission routes, and 21% believed that there is a cure for AIDS.

Anxiety and depression assessment prior to initiating antiretroviral treatment in Brazil
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; South America)
AIDS Care. 2006 Aug;18(6):529-536.
Nogueira Campos L | De Fatima Bonolo P | Crosland Guimaraes MD
This study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral treatment in Brazil using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety and depression were 35.8% and 21.8%, respectively. Female gender, low schooling, lack of health insurance, attendance to psychotherapy, difficulty in accessing health services and exposure category were independently associated with anxiety. On the other hand, female gender, lack of health insurance, low income, living alone, and lacking a sexual partner in the last month were independently associated with depression.

Parental HIV serodiscordance: Implications for the care of the HIV seropositive child in a resource-poor setting
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Care. 2006 Aug;18(6):537-543.
Adejuyigbe EA | Odebiyi AI
This prospective study compared the care and support provided for symptomatic HIV seropositive children of HIV serodiscordant parents (only the mother of the child is HIV infected) with children of seroconcordant parents (both parents are HIV infected) during admission and after discharge from a tertiary health institution in southwestern Nigeria. The children from serodiscordant couples were more frequently discharged against medical advice, abandoned, lost to follow-up, cared for by their mothers alone and were not up-to-date with their immunization schedule when compared with children from seroconcordant parents.

Voluntary testing for HIV among a sample of Tanzanian teachers: A search for socio-demographic and socio-psychological correlates
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Care. 2006 Aug;18(6):554-560.
Kakoko DC | Lugoe WL | Lie GT
This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with testing for HIV among teachers in Tanzania. Teachers who were aged between 21 to 30 years, had easy access to HIV testing services, had a partner with tertiary education, and perceived their health status positively were significantly more likely to have tested for HIV. Teachers who had tested for HIV were significantly less likely to perceive that it is not necessary to test for HIV in absence of vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS; to support that only people who suspect that they are HIV infected should test for HIV; and to believe that HIV infected people are likely to die quicker if they are tested for HIV and be informed about their positive results.

Sexual risk factors associated with volunteering for HIV vaccine research in South Africa
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Care. 2006 Aug;18(6):569-573.
Smit J | Middelkoop K | Myer L | Seedat S | Wood R | Stein DJ | Bekker LG
This study contrasts demographic and sexual risk behaviours among volunteers in an HIV vaccine preparedness cohort with data from a cross-sectional community survey conducted in the same peri-urban community during the same time period. Findings suggest that volunteers for vaccine-related research may be at greater risk of HIV infection than the general population from which they are recruited.

HIV/AIDS NEWS

3-in-1 HIV pill is licensed in US
(News Article; Global | North America)
13 Jul 2006
BBC
A once-a-day HIV treatment combining three drugs in one pill has been licensed for the first time by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Indian firms waking up to HIV threat
(Feature Article; Global | Asia)
14 Jul 2006
Reuters
This feature article addresses The Indian Business Trust for HIV and AIDS, launched in 2001 by the Confederation of Indian Industry, an association of about 5,000 public and private sector businesses, to encourage industry to do more to fight HIV/AIDS.

AIDS: SA not facing doomsday scenario
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
14 Jul 2006
Mail & Guardian Online
The implementation of a large-scale anti-retroviral treatment program will not only extend the lives of HIV-positive South Africans, but will also significantly reduce the adverse economic consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

National HIV/AIDS strategy focus on multi-sectoral approach
(Editorial; Asia)
14 Jul 2006
The Rising Nepal
This editorial from The Rising Nepal online news source addresses the diverse issues of HIV/AIDS in that country's national program.

Malawi's parliament to have center for testing HIV/AIDS
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
14 Jul 2006
People's Daily Online
Malawi's parliament will have one center for staff, MPs and ministers to access HIV/AIDS testing services, during the national testing and counseling week starting the week of July 17th.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH

The impact of HIV on maternal quality of life in Uganda
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Care. 2006 Aug;18(6):614-620.
Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H | Mayon-White RT | Okong P | Carpenter LM | Jenkinson C
This study explored the effect of HIV infection on quality of life (QOL) during pregnancy and puerperium. QOL was measured in a cohort study at St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda. In pregnancy, HIV-positive women were more likely to have poor scores in feelings, pain, overall health, and QOL. Differences in physical fitness, change in health, social activities, and social support were not statistically significant.

Effect of maternal and neonatal vitamin A supplementation and other postnatal factors on anemia in Zimbabwean infants: a prospective, randomized study
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | Sub-Saharan Africa)
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006 Jul;84(1):212-222.
Miller MF | Stoltzfus RJ | Iliff PJ | Malaba LC | Mbuya NV | Humphrey JH
This study measured the effect of maternal or neonatal vitamin A supplementation (or both) on hemoglobin and anemia in Zimbabwean infants. Vitamin A supplementation had no effect on hemoglobin or anemia in unadjusted or adjusted analyses. Infant HIV infection independently increased anemia risk more than 6-fold. Additional predictors of anemia in HIV-negative and -positive infants were male sex and lower total body iron at birth. In addition, in HIV-positive infants, the risk of anemia increased with early infection, low maternal CD4+ lymphocyte count at recruitment, and frequent morbidity. Maternal HIV infection alone did not cause anemia.

Validating neonatal mortality and use of NGO reproductive health outreach services in rural Bangladesh
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Studies in Family Planning. 2006 Jun;37(2):111-122.
Mercer A | Uddin N | Huq NL | Haseen F | Khan MH | Larson CP
This study aims to validate the recording of neonatal deaths among the cohort of children registered as born in 2003 and to assess the evidence of a decline in the neonatal mortality rate. It also measures the coverage of reproductive health outreach services, focusing on 12 of the 27 NGOs that have provided services in the same areas since 1996.

Factors influencing breast milk HIV RNA viral load among Zambian women
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2006 Jul;22(7):607-614.
Phiri W | Kasonka L | Collin S | Makasa M | Sinkala M | Chintu C | Kasolo F | Kaseba C | Tomkins AM | Filteau SM
Researchers investigated factors contributing to breast milk HIV RNA viral load among lactating women in Lusaka, Zambia. They found that maternal health was the main factor contributing to milk viral load.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NEWS

Angola: comprehensive child health campaign underway
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
13 Jul 2006
Integrated Regional Information Networks
In a step towards rebuilding a healthcare system devastated by 27 years of civil war, the Angolan government and international aid agencies have launched the biggest ever child immunization campaign.

Ethiopia: Ministry concerned over high mortality rates
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
13 Jul 2006
The Daily Monitor
Maternal problems in Ethiopia are among the highest in Africa and are becoming among the major concerns of the government, the State Minister of Health said recently.

YFCA midwives graduate to tackle maternal mortality in remote areas
(News Article; Middle East)
14 Jul 2006
Yemen Times
The Yemen Family Care Association (YFCA) celebrated the graduation of 28 society midwives at its head office in Sana'a recently.

MEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Research Article; Global | Sub-Saharan Africa)
PLoS Medicine. Online access June 11, 2006.
Williams BG | Lloyd-Smith JO | Gouws E | Hankins C | Getz WM | Hargrove J | de Zoysa I | Dye C | Auvert B
Related News Article: Circumcision may slow African AIDS, trials hint
This study explore the implications of this finding for the promotion of male circumcision (MC) as a public health intervention to control HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. This analysis is based on the result of just one randomized controlled trial, but if the results of that trial are confirmed, researchers suggest that MC could substantially reduce the burden of HIV in Africa, especially in southern Africa where the prevalence of MC is low and the prevalence of HIV is high. While the protective benefit to HIV-negative men will be immediate, the full impact of MC on HIV-related illness and death will only be apparent in 10 to 20 years.

Sexual behavior among men who have sex with women, men, and Hijras in Mumbai, India--multiple sexual risks
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
AIDS Behavior. Online access July 11, 2006.
Hernandez AL | Lindan CP | Mathur M | Ekstrand M | Madhivanan P | Stein ES | Gregorich S | Kundu S | Gogate A | Jerajani HR
This article describes the same-sex partnerships and sexual risk behavior of men attending STI clinics in Mumbai, India. The HIV prevalence among 2,381 men sampled was 14%; 62% had a documented STI. Almost all men reported sex with women; additionally, 13% also reported having sex with other men, 13% reported sex with Hijras (male-to-female transgenders), and 11% had sex with all 3 genders. Men who had sex with men and/or Hijras as well as women reported having greater numbers of partners, including female sex workers (FSW), and were more likely to engage in insertive anal and oral sex with women. The prevalence of HIV was higher among men having sex with Hijras (14%) or with all 3 genders (13%) than among men having sex with men and women (8%).

MEN'S HEALTH NEWS

“Gentlemen, this is a condom” -Sex education classes in the Batman province aim to raise sexual awareness
(Feature Article; Europe)
17 Jul 2006
Hurriyet
The Chairman of the Chamber of Pharmacists in the 44th Region of the Province of Batman (Turkey), Pharmacist M. Emin Beyaz and his team of volunteers have piloted an educational programme for the public of Batman, where the birth rate is high, aiming to increase their knowledge of family planning and other sexual issues.

POPULATION RESEARCH

Egypt demographic and health survey 2005
(Report; North Africa)
Cairo, Egypt: Ministry of Health and Population, National Population Council, El-Zanaty and Associates, and ORC Macro, March 2006.
El-Zanaty F | Way A
The 2005 Egypt Demograhic and Health Survey (EDHS) data indicate that fertility levels in Egypt have decreased from 5.3 births in 1980 to 3.1 births in 2005. One of the factors influencing the on-going fertility decline in Egypt has been the steady increase in the age at marriage. Also, contraceptive use levels have more than doubled between 1980 and 2005, from 24% to 59%. The survey indicates that 89% of children 12-23 months are fully immunized against the six major preventable childhood illnesses. Questions were also asked on female circumcision and domestic violence. The survey found that almost all ever-married women age 15-49 (96%) have been circumcised. However, attitudes about circumcision appear to be changing. A smaller proportion of women supported continuation of the practice in 2005 (68%) than in 1995 (82%). Almost half of ever-married women of reproductive age have experienced violence at some point since they were 15.

POPULATION NEWS

Nepal’s population to double In 26 years: report
(News Article; Asia)
12 Jul 2006
The Himalayan Times
Nepal’s population is set to double in 26 years, according to a government report.

Asia - home to half the world population - is graying
(News Article; Global | Asia)
11 Jul 2006
Voice of America
As the United Nations observes World Population Day, most Asian countries are grappling with an aging society.

Angola: UNFPA attributes country's population increase to stability
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
12 Jul 2006
Angola Press Agency
The UNFPA has recently said that the growth of the Angolan population in the past few years is mainly due to the achieved socio-political stability in this country. Data from the Ministry of Planning show that the Angolan population is around 13 to 15 million and might reach between 19 to 20 million by 2015.

Uganda: population hits 28 million
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
12 Jul 2006
The Monitor
Uganda's population now stands at 28.2 million people, up from 24.7 million in 2002. The Director of the Population Secretariat, Dr. Jotham Musinguzi, in a statement to mark this year's world population day said the increase had been brought about by a population growing at a rate of 3.3% per year.

WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

Working to prevent HIV/STIs among women in the sex industry in a rural town of Hainan, China
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
AIDS Behavior. Online access July 6, 2006.
Liao SS | He QY | Choi KH | Hudes ES | Liao JF | Wang XC | Liu M | Pan WL | Mandel JS
Researchers evaluated a two-phase HIV/STIs prevention intervention for female sex workers in a resource-limited rural town in Hainan Province, China. Over a period of 2 years, reported condom use during the most recent sexual encounter increased from about 50% to more than 70%; and condom use in more than 50% of sexual acts during the past 6 months increased from less than 40% to near 80% of respondents. Controlling for education, ethnicity, and age, reading of educational materials (the intervention variable) was a significant contributor to a higher knowledge score, motivation to use condoms, and reported condom use.

Influencing sexual practices among HIV-positive Zambian women
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Care. 2006 Aug;18(6):629-634.
Jones DL | Weiss SM | Bhat GJ | Bwalya V
This study assessed and compared the efficacy of culturally tailored behavioral interventions to increase use and acceptability of sexual barrier products among HIV-positive women in Zambia. All participants increased use and acceptability of female condoms and vaginal products and maintained male condom use at 6 and 12 months. Preliminary data indicated that group participants increased male condom use at 6 months and trial use and acceptability of female condoms and lubricants predicted their use in the group condition.

Correlates of HIV risk and preventive behaviors in Armenian female sex workers
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
AIDS Behavior. Online access July 6, 2006.
Markosyan KM | Babikian T | Diclemente RJ | Hirsch JS | Grigoryan S | Del Rio C
This study describes HIV risk and preventive behaviors and their correlates among Armenian female commercial sex workers (CSWs) as a prerequisite to developing gender and culturally appropriate interventions. Inconsistent condom use with all types of sexual partners was reported, as were condom tear/slippage, alcohol and drug use, and sex with drug injecting clients. Prominent misconceptions regarding HIV transmission, prevention, and disease manifestations were noted. Correlates of condom use intentions included history of substance use, attitudes regarding condom use, risk perception, and comfort negotiating condom use. Intentions to use condoms were strongly associated with recent frequency of condom use.

YOUTH HEALTH RESEARCH

"It takes two to tango": a study on inconsistent use of male condoms by adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; South America)
Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2006 Aug;22(8):1671-1680.
Geluda K | Bosi ML | Cunha AJ | Trajman A
This study assessed gender-related aspects involved in the inconsistent use of male condoms by adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Among the emerging themes, "gender relations" were chosen, consisting of three dimensions: trust, submission, and initiative. So-called unequal gender power was not detected in the adolescents' discourse, which however revealed an apparent inequality in negotiation and initiative in condom use.

Psychosocial factors and treatment adherence in paediatric HIV/AIDS
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | North America)
AIDS Care. 2006 Aug;18(6):621-628.
Naar-King S | Arfken C | Frey M | Harris M | Secord E | Ellis D
A social ecological model provides a promising framework for understanding the individual, family, and societal factors contributing to non-adherence to treatment of paediatric HIV. This study explored which factors relevant to this model are associated with caregivers' adherence and child health outcomes. Caregiver drug and alcohol use and HIV+ status were associated with non-adherence and elevated viral load. Negative outcome expectancy was associated with lower adherence but was not significant in the multivariate analyses. Family factors were not significant, but these measures had low reliability in this sample. Extra-familial factors such as dissatisfaction with medical specialty care and more stressful life events were not directly associated with adherence but were related to increased caregiver substance use.

YOUTH HEALTH NEWS

'Breast ironing' to stunt girls' growth widespread
(Feature Article; Global | Sub-Saharan Africa)
7 Jul 2006
Reuters
"Breast ironing," the use of hard or heated objects or other substances to try to stunt breast growth in girls, is a traditional practice in West Africa, experts say. A new survey has revealed it is shockingly widespread in Cameroon, where one in four teenagers are subjected to the traumatic process by relatives, often hoping to lessen their sexual attractiveness.

Teenagers 'choosing motherhood'
(News Article; Global | Europe)
17 Jul 2006
BBC
Many teenage girls in the UK see having a baby as a better option than a low-paid "dead-end" job, research has found. The study, for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, suggested girls as young as 13 choose motherhood to be independent and to create "a loving family". The researchers said their findings show teenagers are not ignorant about contraception, as is often assumed, and actively plan to have a baby. The UK's teen pregnancy rate, the highest in Western Europe, is falling.

South Africa: youth helping youth
(News Article; Global | Sub-Saharan Africa)
13 Jul 2006
Inter Press Service
When it comes to fighting the spread of HIV among South Africa's young people, one of the best weapons appears to be the youth itself.

SPECIAL REPORTS/PROFILES/RESOURCES

Getting to Know the Enemy
(Feature Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Johns Hopkins Public Health Magazine. Spring 2006;
Simpson BW
In southern Zambia, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute scientists hunt the parasite and the mosquito that make malaria a fact of life and a persistent cause of death.

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Volume 6, Number 2817 July 2006