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The Pop Reporter®

Volume 6, Number 33
21 August 2006

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FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH

Promoting the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) in Jordan increases modern contraception use in the extended postpartum period
(Report; Middle East)
Washington, DC, Linkages, 2005.
A survey was conducted among 3,183 women in and around Amman in order to measure the use of the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)in Jordan. Of the one-third of respondents who relied on breastfeeding in the first 6 months to prevent pregnancy, 20% of those used LAM and 80% used breastfeeding for family planning (BFFP). The main distinguishing factor between LAM users and BFFP users was knowledge of the 6-month criterion. Increasing the proportion of BFFP users who know and act upon the 6 month criterion would result in a substantial increase in effective LAM use.



Intrauterine contraceptive device discontinuation among Jordanian women: Rate, causes and determinants
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Middle East)
Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2006 July;32(3):161-164.
Khader YS | El-Qaderi S | Khader AM
The authors wanted to determine the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) discontinuation rate and its causes and related factors among women in Jordan. The crude rate of IUD discontinuation was 17.5% during the first year, suggesting a need to tackle the problem of discontinuation through effective educational strategies on the process of fertility and contraception. The most common reason for voluntary IUD removal was the women's desire to conceive. This suggests that improved counselling and good selection of candidates before IUD insertion is required.



Family size, fertility preferences, and sex ratio in China in the era of the one child family policy: results from national family planning and reproductive health survey
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global | Asia)
British Medical Journal. 2006 Aug 19;333:371-373.
Ding QJ | Hesketh T
China's one-child-per-family policy has cut the country's birth rate, with males clearly outnumbering females there, according to this study in the British Medical Journal. Using data from nearly 40,000 women, it found the birth rate had dropped from 2.9 before the policy was introduced in 1979 to 1.94 in women older than 35 and 1.73 in women younger than 35. It also concluded that the male-to-female imbalance has risen from 1.11 in 1980-89 to 1.23 in 1996-2001.

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEWS

Female condoms now fashion in Ghana
(Feature Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
19 Aug 2006
African News Dimension
Reports indicate that the female condom is getting increasingly popular, but not how the manufacturer intended.



A condom a day with your daily newspaper
(News Article; Asia)
16 Aug 2006
Hindustan Times
When Y.S. Rajsekhar Reddy came to power after the 2004 elections, he decreed that the Chandrababu Naidu's condom campaign that provided condoms with newspapers should be ended. Authorities at AP State Aids Control Society (APSACS) capped the condom campaign. Now they are making a comeback, proving that you can not suppress a good idea for long. It will come wrapped in a strawberry-colored cover and delivered at homes attached with newspapers.

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW AND POLICY

Responding to AIDS, TB, malaria and emerging infectious diseases in Burma: dilemmas of policy and practice
(Report; Asia)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Baltimore, MD, USA, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, March 2006.
Beyrer C | Mullany L | Richards A | Samuals A | Suwanvanichkij V | Lee T | Franck N
This report seeks to synthesize what is known about HIV and AIDS, Malaria, TB and other disease threats including Avian influenza in Burma; assess the regional health and security concerns associated with these epidemics; and to suggest policy options for responding to these threats in the context of tightening restrictions imposed by the junta.



Time to change China's birth control policy?
(Feature Article; Global | Asia)
20 Aug 2006
The Epoch Times
Sustaining China's one-child policy will result in a reduced work force and an aging population, say researchers.

HIV/AIDS RESEARCH

HIV prevalence among populations of men who have sex with men--Thailand, 2003 and 2005
(Summary Report; Asia)
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006 Aug 11;55(31):844-848.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
In 2003 and 2005, the Thailand Ministry of Public Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, and its partners conducted surveillance of HIV prevalence and risk factors among populations of men who have sex with men in Thailand. This article details the findings from that study.



Older persons AIDS knowledge and willingness to provide care in an impoverished nation: evidence from Cambodia
(Report; Asia)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, July 2006. (Population Studies Center Research Report 06-602)
Knodal J | Zimmer Z
In developing countries older persons are often called upon to be primary caregivers for their children who contract AIDS. Consequently, their understanding of the disease and willingness to provide care is critical for AIDS sufferers. Researchers examined this issue among men and women age 60+ in Cambodia. Results indicate older women are less knowledgeable about AIDS than reproductive aged women but more likely to state a willingness to provide care. Although poverty and low education contribute to poor AIDS knowledge, the association is mediated by mass media exposure.



AIDS in south Asia
(Report; Global | Asia)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Washington, DC, The World Bank, 2006.
Moses S | Blanchard JF | Kang H | Emmanuel F | Paul SH | Becker ML | Wilson D | Claeson M
Related News Article: AIDS spiraling out of control in Asia because of men's behaviour
South Asia's HIV epidemic is severe in magnitude and scope, with at least 60% of all people with HIV in Asia living in India. Because the HIV epidemic is highly heterogeneous, designing informed, prioritized, and effective responses necessitates an understanding of the epidemic's diversity between and within countries. This review was undertaken to provide a basis for rigorous, evidence-based HIV policy and programming in South Asia.



Prevalence and correlates of human immunodeficiency virus infection among female sex workers in ashkent, Uzbekistan
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2006 Aug;33(8):496-501.
Todd CS | Khakimov MM | Alibayeva G | Abdullaeva M | Giyasova GM | Saad MD | Botros BA | Bautista CT | Sanchez JL | Carr JK | Earhart KC
Researchers found that while injection drug use is the strongest correlate to HIV infection, sexual risk behaviors are independently related and should receive focus in prevention efforts targeted to this population.



All together now! Community mobilisation for HIV/AIDS
(Teaching and Training Material; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Brighton, UK, International HIV/AIDS Alliance, July 2006.
"All Together Now!" is a toolkit on how to mobilize communities for HIV/AIDS prevention, care, support, treatment, and impact mitigation. The toolkit takes communities through a process of starting together; assessing & planning together; acting together; monitoring, evaluating and reflecting together; and scaling up together.



Trainers’ manual – community engagement for antiretroviral treatment
(Teaching and Training Material; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Brighton, UK, International HIV AIDS Alliance, July 2006.
As ARV treatment is provided to expanding numbers of people, NGOs and CBOs have expressed needs for training on ARV treatment and how it affects communities and people living with HIV. The Alliance has responded by providing a manual for participatory ARV training targeted primarily at NGO and CBO staff and volunteers. It aims to inform and prepare CBOs and NGOs to better support and have greater involvement in uptake, delivery and support of ARV treatment programmes. It is also a useful resource for national and international organisations or consultants providing technical support to CBOs and NGOs.

HIV/AIDS NEWS

AIDS drives plots on TV
(Feature Article; Global)
7 Aug 2006
USA Today
Global collaborations among government, public health organizations, and media companies have turned the entertainment industries on several continents into one of the most powerful public health communications tools of the 21st century. And the proponents of these "entertainment education" networks — including big players such as CBS and Viacom with its cable stations MTV and BET — aren't limiting themselves to radio and TV.



Africa gives 'ABC' mixed grades
(News Article; Global | Sub-Saharan Africa)
15 Aug 2006
Washington Post
"ABC," the AIDS-prevention strategy widely promulgated both here and abroad, got a distinctly mixed report card as African countries reported their experiences to delegates at the 16th International AIDS Conference in Toronto. Abstinence until marriage -- the A of ABC -- appears to be well understood by young people. Being faithful -- the B -- is less clear to many. The usefulness of condoms -- C -- varies widely, with some African teenagers aware that they protect against HIV infection most of the time, while others have heard mostly about their rare failures.



Too much talking, not enough listening, at AIDS conference
(Commentary; Global)
21 Aug 2006
San Francisco Chronicle
In this opinion piece, the author says that one can see it all and hear it all at an international AIDS conference. On Sunday, for example, Robert Gallo, co-discoverer of the AIDS virus back in the 1980s, was quoted on the front page of The Toronto Star as saying that the conference was "irrelevant" and "silly." He added that if it takes celebrity star power (Richard Gere, Alicia Keys) to get people to come to such a conference, "then you've got the wrong people coming."



Male sex sending HIV out of control in Asia-group
(News Article; Global | Asia)
15 Aug 2006
Reuters
AIDS is "spiraling out of control" in Asia among men who have sex with other men, activists warned on Tuesday -- and the epidemic is likely to spread because many of these men also marry or have sex with women.



HIV drugs, reaching more in Africa, still elude most
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
16 Aug 2006
Bloomberg
More than 1 million of the 4.6 million people who need treatment in sub-Saharan Africa now get medication for the virus that causes AIDS, the World Health Organization said in a report. In low- and middle-income countries worldwide, about 1.6 million people are getting the pills, a 24% increase from the end of 2005.



$332-billion illicit drug trade fuelling HIV infections around world: expert
(News Article; Global)
15 Aug 2006
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
The illicit drug trade is fuelling HIV-infection rates in many parts of the world - and too much reliance on punitive drug enforcement is compromising efforts to prevent spread of the disease, the International AIDS Conference was told Tuesday.



Tanzania: Zanzibar government pushes for more HIV testing
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
15 Aug 2006
PlusNews
Legislators on the semiautonomous Tanzanian island of Zanzibar have all taken HIV tests as part of plans to encourage increased screening to stem the pandemic.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH

Periconceptional multivitamin use reduces the risk of preeclampsia
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
American Journal of Epidemiology. Online access June 13, 2006.
Bodnar LM | Tang G | Ness RB | Harger G | Roberts JM
Related News Article: Using multivitamins before and after conception averts preeclampsia
The objective of this study was to assess the independent effect of regular periconceptional multivitamin use on the risk of preeclampsia. The unadjusted prevalence of preeclampsia was 4.4% in nonusers and 3.8% in users. Regular use of multivitamins was associated with a 45% reduction in preeclampsia risk compared with nonuse. If confirmed by others, these results suggest that regular use of a multivitamin supplement in the periconceptional period may help to prevent preeclampsia, particularly among lean women.



Malaria in pregnancy: access to effective interventions in Africa
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. Online access August 11, 2006.
Yartey JE,
Malaria infection during pregnancy (MIP) poses substantial risks to the mother, her fetus, and the newborn. Effective interventions for the prevention and control of MIP include intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), insecticide treated nets (ITNs), and case management, and are being deployed by countries. What is needed at country level is strong collaboration among malaria and reproductive health programs and partners, to maximize the use of available resources for scaling-up to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Equally important is the need for continuous advocacy at all levels to keep malaria high on the global agenda and maintain the current global commitment and momentum.



A comparison of breastfeeding among Han, Uygur and other ethnic groups in Xinjiang, PR China
(Research Article; Asia)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 27;6(196)
Xu F | Binns CW | Nazi G | Shi L | Zhao Y | Lee AH
Researchers compared breastfeeding rates and duration between Han, Uygur, and other ethnic groups living in Xinjiang, PR China. The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding of Han, Uygur, and other minority babies were 1.5, 0.1 and 2.5 months, respectively. An education program focused on breastfeeding continuation and exclusive breastfeeding is necessary in Xinjiang, especially for Uygur and Han ethnic groups.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NEWS

The tragedy of being pregnant in rural Africa
(Feature Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
15 Aug 2006
The New Times
Being pregnant in Africa is tragic if you come from a poor family. Only those who have the money to afford the hospital and clinic fees can be cared for by specialists. A minister can send a close relative to have her baby overseas, whereas poor women are expected to deliver in the remote village under the supervision of local medicine women.



In Africa, overcoming the risks of childbirth
(Feature Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
8 Aug 2006
National Public Radio
One out of every six children on the continent dies before the age of five. For women, the chance of dying in childbirth is three times higher in Africa than in industrialized nations. Training caregivers and educating expectant mothers are among the solutions being tried to reverse those trends.

MEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Men feel left out at conference
(Feature Article; Global)
London Free Press
Gays worry about the lack of concentration on them as the focus of AIDS shifts and expands.



Sexual suppression frustrates migrants
(Feature Article; Asia)
16 Aug 2006
China News
For 25-year-old migrant construction worker Chen Qiang, the dream of marrying his ideal woman and building a house to share with her ended in July. Chen allegedly grabbed and raped a 43-year-old woman who was passing by. Authorities in China are calling for more attention to be paid to the social consequences caused by the suppressed sexual needs of migrant workers.

POPULATION RESEARCH

Child health inequities in developing countries: differences across urban and rural areas
(Research Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
International Journal for Equity in Health. 2006 Jul 11;5(9)
Fotso JC
The author used Demographic and Health Surveys of 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to document and compare the inequities in child malnutrition. Across countries in SSA, though socioeconomic inequalities in stunting do exist, they are significantly larger in urban areas. Intra-urban differences in child malnutrition are larger than overall urban-rural differentials in child malnutrition. The urban advantage in health masks enormous disparities between the poor and the non-poor in urban areas of SSA. Specific policies geared at preferentially improving the health and nutrition of the urban poor should be implemented.



Fertility desires of Yoruba couples of south-western Nigeria
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Journal of Biosocial Science. 2006 Sep;38(5):605-624.
Oyediran KA
This paper examines factors associated with couples’ fertility intention in Nigeria. Results indicate high levels of concurrence among husbands and wives on fertility intention. About 87% of pairs of partners reported similar fertility preferences. Of these couples, 59.5% wanted more children while only 27.8% reported otherwise. A couple’s fertility intention was associated with age, education, place of residence, and number of living children. Therefore, program interventions should convey fertility regulation messages to both husbands and wives.

POPULATION NEWS

South Korea, Taiwan have world’s lowest birth rate
(News Article; Asia)
18 Aug 2006
The Korea Times
South Korea, along with Taiwan, has the world’s lowest birth rate according to the "2006 World Population" report released Friday by the Population Reference Bureau. The report noted that South Korean women give birth to an average of 1.1 children. Hong Kong and Macao have lower birth rates but are considered part of China.



The new world is on the ascent
(Feature Article; Global)
14 Aug 2006
The Age
Global population growth has been rapid. From about 1 billion people in 1800, our planet now supports about 6.5 billion. Between 1960 and 1999 the world added 3 billion people, with the last billion being added in only 12 years. Annually, global population is growing by some 75 million, although the rate of growth is now declining. These changes have been attributed to improvements in food production, education, medicine and hygiene, which resulted in rapidly decreasing death rates, especially among infants and young children, and increased life expectancy.



Population problems in China
(News Article; Asia)
18 Aug 2006
International Herald Tribune
The mainland's population problem is not just one of size, but also structure. Topping the list is the serious imbalance between the sexes, with many more boys born than girls. To prevent the abortion of female fetuses, using ultrasound equipment for sex selection has been banned in many parts of China. One encouraging sign is that attitudes toward child-bearing among educated and urbanized Chinese are no different from those of their counterparts in the developed world. They are less likely to discriminate against girls and more inclined to have fewer children.



3M a year leave developing countries
(News Article; Global)
18 Aug 2006
Associated Press
Nearly 3 million people a year migrate from developing countries to industrialized nations, including 1 million to the United States, a population research group said Thursday. Almost half - 1.4 million - move to Europe, which is nevertheless facing unprecedented population losses from low birth rates. The U.S. attracts more immigrants than any other country, fueling a national debate on immigration policy.

WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

Women's health in developing countries
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Best Practice and Research, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Online access August 3, 2006.
Rizvi JH | Zuberi NF
The authors, from the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, argue that more effective resource allocation should be a priority for improving reproductive health services in developing countries.



Two methods of self-sampling compared to clinician sampling to detect reproductive tract infections in Gugulethu, South Africa
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2006 Aug;33(8):516-523.
van de Wijgert J | Altini L | Jones H | de Kock A | Young T | Williamson AL | Hoosen A | Coetzee N
This research attempts to improve screening for reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in resource-poor settings.



Symptoms, attitudes and treatment choices surrounding menopause among the Q’eqchi Maya of Livingston, Guatemala
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Central America and the Caribbean)
Social Science & Medicine . 2006 Aug;63(3):732-742.
Michel JL | Mahady GB | Veliz M | Soejarto DD | Caceres A
The present study explored symptoms, attitudes, and treatments surrounding women's health and menopause among the Q'eqchi Maya of the eastern tropical lowlands of Guatemala. Results indicate that the Q'eqchi Maya of Livingston possess their own cultural perceptions of women's health which affect attitudes, symptoms, and treatment choices during the menopausal transition. Many women suffered from additional hardship when their spouse misinterpreted menopausal symptoms (vaginal dryness, sexual disinterest) as infidelity.

WOMEN'S HEALTH NEWS

No speedbreakers allowed
(Feature Article; Asia)
18 Aug 2006
Express Healthcare Management
Leading gynaecologist and current President of Federation of Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI), Dr. Duru Shah is campaigning for better healthcare facilities for women. Dr. Shah is an Obstetrician and Gynaecologist affiliated with Breach Candy Hospital, Jaslok Hospital and Sir Hurkisondas Hospital in Mumbai, in addition to running her private clinic 'Gynaecworld'. Apart from her career as a gynaecologist, she is deeply involved in promoting women's health. This article discussed her ongoing projects and the difficulties she has faced.



Uganda: FGM among the Pokot heightens HIV risk
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
14 Aug 2006
New Vision
The traditional practice of cutting a girl's genitalia still marks the transition to womanhood among the Pokot in the north-eastern Ugandan region of Karamoja, despite growing fears that the ritual is fuelling the spread of HIV/AIDS. Female circumcision, commonly referred to as female genital mutilation (FGM), has been internationally condemned as a violation of a woman's rights. The long-term physiological effects include septicaemia, genital malformation, and even death.

YOUTH HEALTH RESEARCH

Obstetrics and perinatal outcomes of Thai pregnant adolescents: a retrospective study
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
International Journal of Nursing Studies. Online access July 25, 2006. (Online access July 22, 2006.)
Thato S | Rachukul S | Sopajaree C
This study compared pregnancy outcomes in females aged 19 and younger with those of women aged 20-34 years. The study revealed that, compared to the adult mothers, teenage mothers were less likely to make the first prenatal visit in their first trimester, to have adequate prenatal care, and cesarean sections. This study demonstrates that pregnant adolescents continue to be complicated, requiring clinical interventions from the health care providers.



Birth outcomes in adolescent pregnancy in an area with intense malaria transmission in Tanzania
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2006 July;85(8):949-954.
Wort UU | Warsame M | Brabin BJ
This paper analyzes birth outcome in adolescent pregnancy in an area of Tanzania with intense malaria transmission. Adolescent primigravidae had higher parasite prevalence than adolescent secundigravidae and than adult primigravidae. Low birth weight prevalence was highest among adolescents delivering during the malaria season, and was double that of adult primigravidae. Failure to prioritize adolescent malaria will seriously limit the success of malaria control programs in pregnancy.



Does a competitive voucher program for adolescents improve the quality of reproductive health care? A simulated patient study in Nicaragua
(Research Article; Central America and the Caribbean)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 7;6(204)
Meuwissen LE | Gorter AC | Kester A | Knottnerus JA
This study evaluates the impact of a voucher program on the quality of reproductive health care and the usefulness of the simulated patient (SP) method for such evaluation. Providers received training, treatment protocols, and financial incentives for each adolescent attended. Before the program started, 8 of the 16 SPs returned empty handed, although all were eligible contraceptive users. During the program 16/17 left with a contraceptive method (p=0.01). The SP method is suitable and relatively easy to apply in monitoring clinics' performance.



Promoting sexual and reproductive health in early adolescence in South Africa and Tanzania: development of a theory- and evidence-based intervention programme
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2006 Apr;34(2):150-158.
Aaro LE | Flisher AJ | Kaaya S | Onya H | Fuglesang M | Klepp KI | Schaalma H
This article describes the organization, theoretical basis, and methodological approach of a project that aims at developing and evaluating school-based interventions targeting adolescents aged 12–14 years.



From trial intervention to scale-up: Costs of an adolescent sexual health program in Mwanza, Tanzania
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2006 April;33(4)
Terris-Prestholt F | Kumaranayake L | Obasi AI | Cleophas-Mazige B | Makokha M | Todd J | Ross DA | Hayes RJ
Researchers estimated annual costs of an adolescent sexual health intervention in Mwanza, Tanzania. Financial and economic providers' costs and intervention outputs were collected to estimate annual total and unit costs (1999-2001). Costs of initial development and startup were relatively substantial (approximately 21% of total costs); however, annual costs per school child dropped from $16 in 1999 to $10 in 2001. When scaled up, only an additional $1.54 is needed per pupil per year to continue the intervention.



How, not just if, condoms are used: The timing of condom application and removal during vaginal sex among young people in England
(Research Article; Europe)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Sexually Transmitted Infections. Online access August 10, 2006.
Hatherall B | Ingham R | Stone N | McEachran J
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of, and factors associated with, vaginal penetration prior to condom application and following condom removal among young people in education in England. The odds of "imperfect" condom use were found to decrease with overall consistency of condom use, confidence in correct condom use, positive reported relationship with mother, non-use of other contraception and desire to use a condom.

YOUTH HEALTH NEWS

Education panacea to school girl pregnancies syndrome
(Feature Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
11 Aug 2006
IPP Media
Available data from Tanzania shows that 12,413 girls were forced out of school because of pregnancies between 2001 and 2005. Very rarely, however, are boys subject to the same punishment. Partially because of this situation, more boys than girls are attending secondary schools and universities.

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