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The Pop Reporter®

Volume 6, Number 41
16 October 2006

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FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH

Sexual risk behavior of married men and women in Bangladesh associated with husbands' work migration and living apart
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Online access October 4, 2006.
Mercer A | Khanam R | Gurley E | Azim T
This study ascertained the prevalence of sexual risk behavior among married people who had, or had not, lived apart as a result of the husbands’ work migration. Extramarital sex was reported by 64.2% of men and 8.6% of women who had lived apart from their spouse, 2 to 3 times higher than the proportions among those who had not lived apart. The proportions of men who reported sex with a female sex worker or with another male while living away were double the proportions reporting they had done so before living away or among men who had not lived away. The sexual risk behavior of married men living away from home may put them and their wives at risk for HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.



Menstrual-cycle-related symptoms: A review of the rationale for continuous use of oral contraceptives
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Contraception. 2006 Nov;74(5):359-366.
Archer D
As many as 80% of reproductive-aged women experience physical changes associated with menstruation. Decades of research in women with menstrual disorders have shown that continuous use of oral contraceptives (OCs), without the hormone-free interval, is a safe and effective method to relieve these symptoms. If given the opportunity, a majority of women would opt for extended-cycle or continuous regimens, and numerous clinical trials have shown that continuous OC regimens induce amenorrhea in 80% to 100% of women by 10 to 12 months of use. For women who do not wish to become pregnant, a continuous OC regimen should be an available option.



Prevalence and determinants of the use of modern contraceptive methods in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Contraception. 2006 Nov;74(5):400-4006.
Kayembe PK | Fatuma AB | Mapatano MA | Mambua T
The study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of the use of modern contraceptives among young women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The condom appears to be the most widely known modern contraceptive method since it was cited by 43% of women; the pill was cited by only 28%. The prevalence of the utilization of modern contraceptive methods (barrier and hormonal methods) was estimated at 7%, with the male condom being the most commonly used method. The current use of a modern contraceptive method correlated with having discussed contraception with someone and having ever used a modern contraceptive method.

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEWS

Next-generation contraceptive patch now in development designed to deliver low estrogen dose
(Press Release; Global)
12 Oct 2006
PR Newswire
Agile Therapeutics is developing the next generation of contraceptive patches, one that is designed to deliver low doses of birth control hormones over a seven-day period. Birth control pills deliver their hormone dose to the liver, which removes as much as it is able before the remainder goes into the bloodstream. Contraceptive patchs deliver estrogen and progesterone hormones directly into the bloodstream, smoothing out the rate at which hormones are delivered, without the peak doses to the liver that the pill entails.



Vietnam gets tough on illegal sex testing, abortions
(News Article; Asia)
Thanh Nien News. 11 Oct 2006
The Raw Story
The Vietnamese government is cracking down on illegal fetal sex testing and abortion-related activities and has announced fines of up to VND30 million (US$1,875).



India: Study on unwanted sex within marriage
(News Article; Asia)
13 Oct 2006
The Hindu
Related Research Article: Consent and coercion: examining unwanted sex within marriage
A study presented at a two-day conference of the Population Council suggests that sexual activity among adolescent girls and young women in India takes place overwhelmingly within the context of marriage. The study points out, however, that large proportions of marriages initiated in adolescence are consummated with force and without the consent of the young bride.



Australia: Text service for sexual health advice
(News Article; Oceania)
12 Oct 2006
The Australian
For people young enough to understand them, text messages like "u need to get chkd 4 STI + unplnnd prgncy" may be the future of sex health advice. A new messaging service targeting 16-to-25-year-olds with short message advice on pregnancies, unprotected sex, and sexually transmitted infections delivered straight to their mobile phone was launched by Marie Stopes International, which provides sexual and reproductive healthcare services worldwide. The service will combat recent figures showing Australia has one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and STIs in the world, Marie Stopes International Australia CEO Suzanne Dvorak says.

HIV/AIDS RESEARCH

'We are no longer called club members but caregivers': Involving youth in HIV and AIDS caregiving in rural Zambia
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS Care. 2006 Nov;18(8):888-894.
Esu-Williams E | Schenk KD | Geibel S | Motsepe J | Zulu A | Bweupe P | Weiss E
This study assessed young people's capacity to provide care and support to people living with HIV and AIDS in Zambia. Members of youth anti-AIDS clubs were trained as caregivers using a locally developed curriculum. Youth provided caregiving services, including help with household chores and personal care tasks. Both clients and caregivers reported frustration with the youths' inability to meet material needs. This study demonstrates that trained youth involved in anti-AIDS efforts can meet a range of care needs, while also highlighting the importance of clearly communicating what youth can and cannot do.



Short-term risk of AIDS or death in people infected with HIV-1 before antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: A longitudinal study
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
The Lancet. 2006 Oct 7;368(9543):1254-1259.
Badri M | Lawn SD | Wood R
This study aimed to investigate the short-term risk of AIDS or death in patients who had no access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) or who were given zidovudine alone. Risk of AIDS in patients with a CD4-cell count of less than 200 cells per microliter or greater than 350 cells per microliter was similar to that previously reported from European cohorts, but was 1.9 times greater for those with CD4-cell counts of between 200 and 350 cells per microliter. The high death rate before development of AIDS and a high risk of AIDS in those with CD4-cell counts of 200–350 cells per microliter indicate that delay in initiation of ART is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. These findings might help to amend criteria for start of ART in resource-limited settings.



Social relationships, stigma, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; North America)
AIDS Care. 2006 Nov;18(8):904-910.
Ware NC | Wyatt MA | Tugenberg T
This paper examines the association between social relationships and adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy. An analysis drawing upon stigma and fear of disclosure was applied to explain tensions between developing relationships on the one hand, and safeguarding health through adherence on the other. Results suggest that persons with HIV/AIDS will not consistently subordinate other interests to prioritize adherence. Interventions aimed at supporting long-term adherence must address experienced conflicts between "health" and "life."



Knowledge, attitudes and sources of information regarding HIV/AIDS in Iranian adolescents
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Middle East)
AIDS Care. 2006 Nov;18(8):1004-1010.
Yazdi CA | Aschbacher K | Arvantaj A | Naser HM | Abdollahi E | Asadi A | Mousavi M | Narmani MR | Kianpishe M | Nicfallah F | Moghadam AK
This study used an anonymous questionnaire to determine knowledge, attitudes, and sources of information regarding HIV/AIDS among Iranian youth. Students reported that television (84%) and school teachers (66%) were the best sources of HIV/AIDS information, while parents (27%) and school books (15%) were least informative. Most students knew that heterosexual intercourse (90%) and shared intravenous needles (94%) can cause HIV infection. However, only 53% were aware that condoms protect against infection through sexual intercourse. More effective school-based HIV/AIDS education is needed in Iran.



Estimating the resource needs of scaling-up HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis interventions in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review for national policy makers and planners
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Health Policy. 2006 Nov;79(1):1-15.
Vassall A | Compernollea P
This paper reviews evidence on the global resource requirements of scaling-up HIV/AIDS and TB interventions. The estimates of global resource requirements provide sound methodological guidance for countries on the basic steps to follow. However, there are still many areas that require further development or evidence. Those making national resource estimates can learn from the experience of global estimation. Concurrently, global resource estimates can build on the evidence emerging from improved national resource estimates.

HIV/AIDS NEWS

Cipla launches 3-in-1 AIDS drug in India
(News Article; Asia)
12 Oct 2006
Medindia
Cipla launched its fixed dose, single pill anti-HIV drug, Viraday, priced at Rs 5,200 a month. Viraday is a combination of three anti-HIV drugs -- Efavirenz 600 mg, Tenofovir 300 mg, and Emtricitabine 200 mg.



WHO recommends HIV/AIDS measures for Vietnam
(News Article; Asia)
11 Oct 2006
People's Daily Online
A World Health Organization (WHO) mission to Vietnam highlighted solutions to curb the spread of HIV/AIDS before it moves into the general population. The measures include rapid scaling-up of harm reduction interventions; a comprehensive continuum of treatment, care, and support; behavior change communication; program management; and monitoring, supervision and evaluation, according to a press release issued by the WHO.



Kenya: AIDS prevalence drops despite cash constraint
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
12 Oct 2006
East Africa Standard
HIV/AIDS prevalence in Kenya has declined from 6.1% last year to 5.9% this year, according to the National Aids Control Council (NACC), despite shortages in funding. NACC now wants more attention to be focused on women, as the female prevalence stands at 7.7% as opposed to that of males at 4.0%.



HIV rate to peak at 1.9% of Indian population by 2019: UN
(News Article; Asia)
12 Oct 2006
Zee News
India's adult HIV prevalence rate will peak at 1.9 percent in 2019, up from the present one percent of the total population, according to a recent United Nations population division projection. The estimates, circulated at a national consultation on children and HIV/AIDS in India, showed there were 2.7 million AIDS deaths in India between 1980 and 2000. It was projected that the country would suffer 12.3 million deaths during 2000-2015 and 49.5 million during 2015-2050.



Botswana: HIV/AIDS policy: Shall it absorb marginalised groups?
(Feature Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
12 Oct 2006
Mmegi Online
Marginalised groups in Botswana who are especially vulnerable to HIV/AIDS discrimination, appear to be gradually pushing their agenda into the National Strategic Framework for HIV/AIDS (2003-2009). The framework was obviously not crafted to include the specific needs of sex workers, intravenous drugs users, homosexuals, mobile populations, women, youth, and prison inmates. Authorities are not resisting the push. If anything, they seem prepared to go with the flow.



U.S. to end funding of anti-AIDS program in Swaziland
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
13 Oct 2006
Washington Post
The Bush Administration has decided to end its funding of a groundbreaking program that has sought to curb the spread of HIV by offering subsidized circumcisions to men in Swaziland. U.S. Agency for International Development said that the program violated government policy supporting study of circumcision but not services offering the procedure.



Nigeria: Mourning the lost of AIDS leader Omololu Falobi: Senseless crime takes life of one of Africa's best and brightest
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
11 Oct 2006
EurWeb
The world lost one of its most talented and caring voices in the struggle against HIV/AIDS. Nigerian journalist and AIDS activist Omololu Falobi was shot to death in Lagos, Nigeria, on Oct. 5. He was 35 years old.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH

Saving lives: Children’s right to HIV and AIDS treatment
(Report; Global)
Barcelona, Spain, Global Movement for Children, 2006.
A child dies from AIDS related illnesses every minute and approximately 2,000 children are infected with HIV every day. International and national commitments to fight HIV and AIDS have gained momentum over the last two decades but the commitments still fall far short of needs, and children in particular do not explicitly appear in AIDS funding commitments. Coordinated action must be taken now to protect the rights of children infected with HIV and to invest in their future.



Guyana: Factors that influence women's uptake of PMTCT interventions
(Report; South America)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Calverton, MD, ORC Macro, 2006.
The goal of this study was to learn why women attending antenatal care clinics that offer Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission services do or do not complete HIV counseling and testing and, if they test positive, why they do or do not receive antiretroviral prophylaxis. By identifying these reasons, program planners and providers can learn how to gear program policies and clinic practices to enable more women to take steps to prevent transmission of HIV to their babies.



Voluntary counseling and testing among post-partum women in Botswana
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Patient Education and Counseling. Online access October 9, 2006.
Thior I | Gabaitiri L | Grimes J | Shapiro R | Lockman S | Kim S | Kebaabetswe P | Garmey E | Montano M | Peter T | Chang SY | Marlink R | Essex M
This research aims to determine uptake and socio-demographic predictors of acceptance of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) among postpartum women in Botswana. Only 54% of women who were approached accepted VCT. Younger maternal age, not being married, and less formal education were significant predictors of acceptance of VCT. The study results show that interventions to improve VCT among postpartum women and more generally among women of reproductive age are warranted in Botswana. These interventions should account for differences such age, marital status, education, and partner involvement.



Postpartum care attendance at a rural district hospital in Zambia
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Tropical Doctor. 2006 Oct;36(4):205-208.
Lagro M | Liche A | Mumba T | Ntebeka R | van Roosmalen J
The authors studied the postpartum care attendance rate in 540 women who delivered at a district hospital in Zambia. 42% of the women attended postpartum care within six weeks of delivery. Women who did not come for postpartum care were older and had to travel more hours to the hospital than women who did attend. The low postpartum care attendance rate could be increased if health workers provided mother and child health care in an integrated way and were aware that recently delivered women visit the hospital for reasons other than postpartum care.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NEWS

Tanzania secures US$ 59 million to battle maternal mortality
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
11 Oct 2006
Afrol News
The government of Tanzania received a US $59 million grant to finance a project to reduce maternal mortality in large parts of Tanzania. The country has been one of the few that has successfully reduced its maternal mortality rate in the past few years.



Niger: Extreme childbirth
(Feature Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
10 Oct 2006
Mail and Guardian Online
In Niger the tradition is that mothers labor in silence. It is hard to be quiet in the throes of childbirth, but almost everything is hard for mothers in Niger -- the most dangerous place on Earth to have a baby. In May, a Save the Children report found that, of the 125 nations it surveyed, Niger was where childbirth was most likely to end badly.



India: Infant mortality rate still high in state
(News Article; Asia)
12 Oct 2006
Times of India
Despite the government of Uttar Pradesh's National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), the state is yet to show any sign of improvement in terms of the infant and under-five mortality rate. This gloomy picture of child health emerged at the 27th annual convention of the UP chapter of Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP).



Babies can sometimes be injured during c-section
(News Article; Global)
12 Oct 2006
Reuters
About 1 out of 100 babies delivered by cesarean section are injured in the process, according to a new study. Wounds to the skin accounted for more than half of the injuries. The next most common injury was severe bruising of the head, followed by broken collarbone, facial nerve damage, injury to the chest-arm nerve network, and skull fracture.

MEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

Quantitative effects of male age on sperm motion
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Human Reproduction. 2006 Nov;21(11):2868-2875.
Sloter E | Schmid TE | Marchetti F | Eskenazi B | Nath EJ | Wyrobek AJ
Semen quality is associated with fertility status, but there is little quantitative information on risk factors that affect semen quality, especially in non-clinical populations. This study showed that sperm motion indicates that men produce fewer motile sperm as they age, which are able to travel less along a linear path, covering less forward distance per unit time. These findings may have fertility implications for men who choose to delay fatherhood.

MEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Vasectomy vs intra vas device – Check it out!
(News Article; Global)
11 Oct 2006
Medindia
Related News Article: Trials of new male contraceptive expanded
Surgical vasectomy is in the midst of competition from a relatively new male contraceptive that could give the procedure a run for its money. US researchers have devised a new ‘Intra Vas Device’ or IVD that can be inserted through a tiny opening in the scrotum. This device is a tiny plug of silicone gel which stops sperm from traveling along each of the tubes that link the testicles and the penis.

POPULATION RESEARCH

The potential impact of antiretroviral therapy on fertility in sub-Saharan Africa
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 2006 Dec;3(4):177-184.
Kaida A | Andia I | Maier M | Strathdee SA | Bangsberg DR | Spiegel J | Bastos F | Gray G | Hogg R
Women with HIV infection have between 25% and 40% lower fertility than noninfected women. As antiretroviral (ARV) therapy becomes increasingly accessible in sub-Saharan Africa, it is important to understand whether and how the associated clinical improvements correspond with changes in the incidence of pregnancy and fertility. This paper reviews the literature on the impact of ARV therapy on the fertility of women with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide future research aimed at understanding how widespread use of ARV therapy may impact fertility in sub-Saharan Africa.

POPULATION NEWS

World slum population to double
(Editorial; Global)
10 Oct 2006
Scoop
The world’s exploding slum population is expected to double to two billion people within a generation. Bombay, with 10-million or more, holds first place among slum-filled metropolitan areas, followed by Mexico City and Dhaka, with about 9-million each, then Lagos, Cairo, Karachi, Kinshasa-Brazzaville, Sao Paulo, Shanghai, and Delhi, according to “Planet of Slums" just published by Mike Davis.



Interview-Somali refugees in Kenya could reach 80,000
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
12 Oct 2006
Reuters AlertNet
The number of Somali refugees fleeing into Kenya could reach 80,000 by the end of the year if tensions worsen in Somalia. The flow of refugees has increased to more than 1,000 a day in the past week from 200 every few days in August, amid reports of further advances by the Islamists and counter-attacks by the government and ousted warlords.



Iraq: More than 300,000 Iraqis have fled their homes since Saddam's fall
(News Article; Middle East)
12 Oct 2006
Reuters AlertNet
More than 300,000 Iraqis have fled their homes to other parts of Iraq to escape violence since the 2003 fall of former President Saddam Hussein, with the rate swelling in the past six months of sectarian Shiite-Sunni conflict. In addition, some 890,000 Iraqis have moved to Jordan, Iran and Syria since Saddam's fall.



Namibia: Bid to improve on population and development reporting
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
12 Oct 2006
New Era
In a bid to improve reporting on population and development issues, African journalists and traditional communicators have formed a regional population network called Network of African Communicators on Population and Development (NACPD). NACPD will enhance both information and the technical capacity of African media professionals in population and development.



In shrinking Bulgaria, where are the people?
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Europe)
11 Oct 2006
The Sofia Weekly
According to a projection by the Population Reference Bureau, a nongovernmental organization in Washington, Bulgaria's population will decline by 34 percent from 2005 to 2050, from 7.7 million to 5 million. The only country likely to lose more of its people in that span was Swaziland, where 38 percent of the population has HIV. Although declining population is affecting many other countries in Europe, the problem in Bulgaria is complicated by the low standard of living.

WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

The prevalence of sexual dysfunction and potential risk factors that may impair sexual function in Malaysian women
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Journal of Sexual Medicine. Online access October 13, 2006.
Sidi H | Puteh SEW | Abdullah N | Midin M
This research investigates the prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) among women in Malaysia. The prevalence of FSD in the population was 29.6%. The prevalence of women with lack of orgasms, low sexual arousal, lack of lubrication, sexual dissatisfaction, and sexual pain were 59.1%, 60.9%, 50.4%, 52.2%, and 67.8%, respectively. Risk factors for FSD are older age, being married longer, having less sexual intercourse, having more children, having an older husband, and having a higher academic status. Lack of lubrication was found to be the main predictor for FSD in this study.

WOMEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Uganda: Minister fights against female circumcision
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
13 Oct 2006
The Daily Monitor
Female genital mutilation is sabotaging girls' education, mostly in the eastern region of Uganda, according to the Minister for Gender, Ms. Rukia Isanga Nakadama. Nakadama was speaking at an anti-female genital mutilation function organised by the Sabiny communities of Bugiri and Kapchorwa districts. The theme of the event was "A War Against Female Genital Mutilation."




Zimbabwe: Gender activists protest MP's anti-women remarks
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
11 Oct 2006
Reuters AlertNet
Women's organizations are outraged by an opposition parliamentarian who urged the National Assembly not to pass a bill aimed at stamping out domestic violence, because women were inferior to men. During debate on the Domestic Violence Bill, Timothy Mubhawu, Member of Parliament (MP) for the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), told parliament: "I stand here representing God the Almighty. Women are not equal to men. This is a dangerous bill, and let it be known in Zimbabwe that the rights, privileges and status of men are gone."



"Right of choice": Facts & figures on violence against women
(Feature Article; Global)
Right of Choice
At least one out of every three women around the world has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime -- with the abuser usually someone known to her. Violence against women and girls is a universal problem of epidemic proportions. Perhaps the most pervasive human rights violation that we know today, it devastates lives, fractures communities, and stalls development.

YOUTH HEALTH RESEARCH

Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children
(News Article; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
New York, NY, United Nations, 2006.
Related News Article: UN report reveals 'shocking' levels of violence against children
Related News Article: 275m children witness domestic violence every year across world
This report provides a global picture of violence against children and proposes recommendations to prevent and respond to this issue. It also provides information on the incidence of various types of violence against children within the family, schools, alternative care institutions and detention facilities, places where children work, and communities.



Does sex education affect adolescent sexual behaviors and health?
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; North America)
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 2006 Fall;25(4):803-825.
Sabia JJ
This study examined whether offering sex education to young teenagers affects several measures of adolescent sexual behavior and health: virginity status, contraceptive use, frequency of intercourse, likelihood of pregnancy, and probability of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the author found that while sex education is associated with adverse health outcomes, there is little evidence of a causal link after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity via fixed effects and instrumental variables.

YOUTH HEALTH NEWS

India: Catch them young
(News Article; Asia)
12 Oct 2006
India Times
Adolescents in India would like to learn more about how to prevent sexual and drug abuse in primary and secondary school. Young people in India have prepared a Charter of Adolescent Health and Development which recommends more education on prevention of sexual and drug abuse at both the primary and secondary levels. The charter will be presented to the Ministry of Human Resources Development and Planning Commission for consideration.



India to launch sex education and drug awareness in schools soon
(News Article; Asia)
12 Oct 2006
Medindia
India is set to implement a new teaching program that will explain all aspects of sexual development and substance abuse to children in schools all over India starting next year. The program aims to dispel myths and hopes to answer queries pertaining to sex and drug abuse.



Vietnam: Adolescents lauded for sex-ed enthusiasm
(News Article; Asia)
12 Oct 2006
Vietnam News Service
Vietnamese youth received praise from a World Population Fund official for their participation in activities on raising awareness of reproductive health issues. Representative for the World Population Fund, Carin Vanden Hor, said Vietnamese youth had been highly responsive to the Advocacy and Behaviour Change Communication program, run by the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union during the past 33 months.

SPECIAL REPORTS/PROFILES/RESOURCES

Zero tolerance: Stop the violence against women and children, Stop HIV/AIDS
(Report; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Washington, DC, Global AIDS Alliance, 2006
Establishing zero tolerance for violence is a matter of basic respect for human rights, particularly those of women, including sexual and reproductive rights. Unless it is fully addressed with a holistic view of risk factors and consequences, the multi-billion dollar response to HIV/AIDS is bound to fail.

Continuous Identification of Research Evidence (CIRE) Related to Family Planning Guidance

Wang P, Lai Z, Tang J, Xu W, and Mi X. Safety of hormonal steroid contraceptive use for hepatitis B virus carrier women. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2000 May-Jun;9(3):245 - 246
Method: Combined OCs and Condition: Viral hepatitis


Link to CIRE evidence: http://www.infoforhealth.org/cire_pub.pl?cire_input=COC.Hep..2998.4248.Y

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