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The Pop Reporter®

Volume 6, Number 53
16 January 2007

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FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH

Draft: Genome sequence of the sexually transmitted pathogen trichomonas vaginalis
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Science. 2007 Jan 12;Online access January 12, 2007. 315(5809):207-212.
Carlton JM | Hirt RP | Silva JC | Delcher AL | Schatz M | Zhao Q | et al
Related News Article: Scientists sequence genome of parasite responsible for common sexually transmitted infection
This article describes the genome sequence of the protist Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted human pathogen. Repeats and transposable elements comprise about two-thirds of the 160-megabase genome, reflecting a recent massive expansion of genetic material. This expansion, in conjunction with the shaping of metabolic pathways that likely transpired through lateral gene transfer from bacteria, and amplification of specific gene families implicated in pathogenesis and phagocytosis of host proteins may exemplify adaptations of the parasite during its transition to a urogenital environment.
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Results of the reproductive health education program for soldiers and noncommissioned officers
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Europe)
Military Medicine. 2006 Dec;171(12):1223-1224.
Yilmaz S | Baser M | Tasci S
The Turkish Armed Forces Commando Brigade has started an education program to inform soldiers about reproductive health, family planning, general hygiene, and sexually transmitted diseases. The aim is to inform male individuals about reproductive health and to increase their knowledge, awareness, and sensitivity. Students reported that they were satisfied with the reproductive health education, were informed, took notice of incorrect information, and, for postmilitary life, would visit health clinics for counseling.
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FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEWS

New contraceptive options filling the pipeline
(News Article; Global)
1 January 2007 42(1)
Tanzola M, OB GYN News
At a conference on contraceptive technology, it was reported that novel contraceptives currently being developed include norprogesterone-derived progestins, new barrier methods, and combination spermicides-microbicides. A new surfactant product has demonstrated less irritation than nonoxynol-9 and has potent activity against both sperm and a range of pathogens in vitro. The contraceptive efficacy of the product is currently being evaluated in a phase III trial.
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Angola: Huila - Over 1,000 cases of STDs recorded in 2006
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
10 Jan 2007
Angola Press Agency
At least 1,964 cases of sexually transmitted diseases were recorded in 2006 in various health centers in Lubango, capital city of Angola's southern province of Huila. The chief of district health department confirmed the drop of 340 cases in comparison with the year 2005. Most of the cases were diagnosed in adults aged between 18 and 45.
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FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW AND POLICY

India: Cash boost for tribal families
(News Article; Asia)
Bhaumik S, 10 Jan 2007
Despite national policy in India that seeks to limit population growth, members of the Khasi tribe in India's northeastern state of Meghalaya are giving cash rewards to Khasi mothers with more than 15 children. The Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council has said that these rewards are part of plan to save Khasis from being outnumbered by outsiders.
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Rwanda: Women blame population growth on weak laws
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
10 Jan 2007
The New Times, Rwanda
After a two-day workshop organized by the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, women leaders in Musanze District blamed escalating population growth in Rwanda on absence of strong laws against big families to control birth rates. Even with the laws in place, though, health officials warned that population control can fail if residents are not positive about family planning.
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HIV/AIDS RESEARCH

HIV-related risk behaviors and history of sexually transmitted diseases among male migrants who patronize commercial sex in China
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2007 Jan;Online access January 4, 2007. 34(1):1-8.
Wang B | Li X | Stanton B | Fang X | Lin D | Mao R
Data on the sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of men who pay for sexual services in China are limited. Ten percent of men in the community sample and 32.7% of men in the STD clinic sample reported having ever paid for sex. Nearly 20% of clients from the community sample and 60% of clients from the STD clinic sample reported a history of STDs. HIV prevention efforts should target young migrant men who work at factory and construction sectors. STD clinics may be important sites for outreach and intervention efforts among male clients.
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Response to antiretroviral therapy after a single, peripartum dose of nevirapine
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
The New England Journal of Medicine. 2007 Jan 11;356(2):135-147.
Lockman S | Shapiro RL | Smeaton LM | Wester C | Thior I | Stevens L | Chand F | Makhema J | Moffat C | Asmelash A | Ndase P | Arimi P | van Widenfelt E | Mazhani L | Novitsky V | Lagakos S | Essex M
Related News Article: AIDS drug to protect fetus is safe for infected mothers, study finds
This study investigated the response to nevirapine-based antiretroviral treatment among women and infants. All women were treated with antenatal zidovudine. Women who received a single dose of nevirapine to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV-1 had higher rates of virologic failure with subsequent nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy than did women without previous exposure to nevirapine. However, this applied only when nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy was initiated within 6 months after receipt of a single, peripartum dose of nevirapine.
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Going beyond "ABC" to include "GEM": Critical reflections on progress in the HIV/AIDS epidemic
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
American Journal of Public Health. 2007 Jan;Online access January 12, 2007. 97(1):13-18.
Dworkin SL | Ehrhardt AA
In light of the feminization of HIV/AIDS, this study assessed the limitations of the ABC strategy and offers additional prevention strategies that focus on gender relations, economics, and migration. Successful prevention strategies need to take into account gender relations, other relations of social inequality, economic contexts, and migration movements in order to best sustain behavioral changes.
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AIDS health beliefs and intention for sexual abstinence among male adolescent students in Kathmandu, Nepal: A test of perceived severity and susceptibility
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Public Health. 2007 Jan;Online access January 11, 2007. 121(1):64-72.
Iriyamaa S | Nakahara S | Jimbaa M | Ichikawaa M | Wakaia S
This study examined whether two subscales of the Health Belief Model-perceived severity and perceived susceptibility-were associated with abstinence intention among Nepalese male adolescents for HIV/AIDS prevention. More than half strongly agreed with abstinence intention. Students with higher levels of perceived severity strongly agreed with abstinence intention, those with higher levels of perceived susceptibility did not. High level of perceived susceptibility tended to decrease strong abstinence intention among students aged 16–19 years.
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HIV/AIDS NEWS

Dubai - HIV saliva test ready
(News Article; Middle East)
11 Jan 2007
7 Days
A new HIV saliva test you can take in the privacy of your own home was launched in the United Arab Emirates. Aware Oral, already available in Africa, China and India, will now be available, by prescription, from pharmacies in the UAE. The test claims to be 99.8% accurate and can be read within 20 minutes of testing. The launch of the test is part of the UAE’s HIV awareness campaign, ‘Awareness Leads to Prevention’, and suppliers of the product hope that the ease and privacy of the test will help combat the spread of HIV.
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Uganda: Naluwerere - a town saved by the condom
(Feature Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
9 Jan 2007
The East African
A small town that draws many long-distance truck drivers looks back at the evolution of the HIV/AIDS crisis. Town leaders credit the survival of the town with widespread condom use and antiretroviral therapies. The town works to promote awareness of HIV/AIDS through music, dance, and drama.
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MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH

Morbidity and mortality associated with pre-eclampsia at two tertiary care hospitals in Sri Lanka
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2007 Feb;Online access January 11, 2007. 33(1):56-62.
Dissanayake VHW | Samarasinghe HD | Morgan L | Jayasekara RW | Seneviratne HR | Pipkin FB
180 nulliparous women with pre-eclampsia and 180 nulliparous normotensive pregnant women were recruited for a study of the genetics of pre-eclampsia. Women who developed pre-eclampsia had significantly higher systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at approxiamtely 13 weeks gestation. Maternal complications indicative of severe disease, apart from the incidence of high blood pressure, were not significantly different in early and late-onset pre-eclampsia and fetal outcome was better with late-onset disease.
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Multimicronutrient supplementation for undernourished pregnant women and the birth size of their offspring
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2007 Jan 1;Online acess January 12, 2007. 161(1):58-64.
Gupta P | Ray M | Dua T | Radhakrishnan G | Kumar R | Sachdev HPS
This study evaluated the effect of multimicronutrient supplementation for undernourished pregnant women on the birth size of their offspring, incidence of low-birth-weight infants, and early neonatal morbidity. They found infants in the micronutrient group were 98g heavier, 0.80cm longer, and 0.20cm larger in midarm circumference compared with the placebo group. Incidence of low birth weight declined from 43.1% to 16.2% with multimicronutrient supplementation and that of early neonatal morbidity declined from 28.0 to 14.8%.
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Diagnostic accuracy of a point-of-care syphilis test when used among pregnant women in Bolivia
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; South America)
Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2006 Nov 22;Online access January 10, 2007. 82(Supplement 5):17-21.
Tinajeros F | Grossman D | Richmond K | Steele M | Garcia SG | Zegarra L | Revollo R
This study evaluated the performance of a point-of-care (POC) syphilis test when used in urban Bolivian maternity hospitals. They found sensitivity of 91.8%, specificity of 98.5%, negative predictive value of 71.0% and positive predictive values of 99.7% for the POC syphilis test. Accordingly, they concluded that POC testing may be a simple way to expand syphilis screening to clinics with no laboratory facilities, improve case detection, and facilitate treatment delivery.
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Effects of lactation on alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Journal of Periodontology. 2007 Jan;Online access January 11, 2007. 78(1):152-156.
Shoji K | Ohtsuka-Isoya M | Shimauchi H | Shinoda H
Related News Article: Calcium important for nursing mothers' oral health
Researchers wanted to determine if lactation affected oral health. They used three groups of rats that were fed diets containing 0.9%, 0.3%, and 0.02% calcium and were then divided further into two subgroups of lactating and non-lactating animals. Based on testing the bone mineral density and a histologic examination of the interdental alveolar bone, they found that lactation could be a risk factor for alveolar bone loss, especially under conditions of calcium insufficiency.
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Association of microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene polymorphism and pre-eclampsia in Turkish women
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Europe)
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2007 Feb;Online access January 11, 2007. 33(1):32-37.
Pinarbasi E | Percin FE | Yilmaz M | Akgun E | Cetin M | Cetin A
This study assessed the association between human epoxide hydrolase exon 3 and 4 polymorphisms and pre-eclampsia by carrying out a case-control study in Turkish women. The authors found no statistically significant difference in the distribution of genotypes between pre-eclampsia without HELLP and pre-eclampsia plus HELLP cases and controls for the exon 3 and 4 polymorphism of EPHX. However, they did find a significant association between the predicted enzyme activity level and pre-eclampsia (P = 0.018).
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Previous preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and delivery of a small for gestational age infant and the risk of unexplained stillbirth in the second pregnancy: A retrospective cohort study, Scotland, 1992–2001
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
American Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;Online acess January 11, 2007. 165(2):194-202.
Smith GCS | Shah I | White IR | Pell JP | Dobbie R
Using linkage of national pregnancy and perinatal death registries, the authors performed a retrospective cohort study of 133,163 women having a second birth in Scotland between 1992 and 2001 whose first infant was liveborn. The risk of unexplained stillbirth was increased among women with a previous preterm birth, previous delivery of a small for gestational age infant, and previous preeclampsia. Complications of first births of liveborn infants are associated with an increased risk of unexplained stillbirth in the next pregnancy.
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MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NEWS

India: Ways to tackle maternal mortality
(News Article; Asia)
10 Jan 2007.
The Telegraph, Calcutta, India
At the 50th annual meeting of The Federation of Obstetric & Gynaecological Societies of India, gynecologists from across the globe advocated the need to adopt advanced strategies for averting maternal deaths. They addressed lack of access to health care facilities as well as inadequate utilization of available services. Further, they stressed the importance of advanced-treatment facilities and specialist doctors in more remote areas of India.
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More diapers, please: Mainlanders are swamping Hong Kong maternity wards
(News Article; Asia)
15 Jan 2007
Wehrfritz G, Newsweek
Mainland women are flocking to Hong Kong's public hospitals to give birth. Some women seek to avail themselves of Hong Kong's superior medical care or dodge China's strict family-planning rules, but the majority seek Hong Kong citizenship for their children. Because Hong Kong has one of the world's lowest birthrates and faces a serious aging crisis, the influx is somewhat of a demographic blessing. However, many in Hong Kong worry that care for local women could be compromised in the rush, and that newcomers will demand free school, social services, and medical care.
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MEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

Penile length changes in men treated with androgen suppression plus radiation therapy for local or locally advanced prostate cancer
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
The Journal of Urology. 2007 Jan;Online acces January 12, 2007. 177(1):128-130.
Haliloglu A | Baltaci S | Yaman O
This study determined penile length alterations in men treated with androgen suppression plus radiation therapy for local or locally advanced prostate cancer. Stretched penile length measurements were performed before starting androgen suppression therapy and every 3 months thereafter with a paper ruler. With the initiation of therapy, a gradual decrease in stretched penile length was observed. Penile shortening was statistically significant at a mean follow-up of 18 months (mean 14.2cm to 8.6cm).
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Semen quality in a residential, geographic and age representative sample of healthy Chinese men
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Human Reproduction. 2007 Jan;Online access January 10, 2007. 22(2):477-484.
Gao J | Gao ES | Yang Q | Walker M | Wu JQ | Zhou WJ | Wen SW
This study investigated the medians, percentiles, and proportions below lower threshold of the WHO criteria for semen parameters of healthy Chinese men aged 20–60 years. Researchers found that many healthy Chinese men had semen parameter values below the lower threshold of the WHO criteria. Region, age, abstinence duration and season were important determinants of semen quality. Research concluded that Chinese men have lower values of semen parameters according to WHO standard, and a lower threshold for normal semen parameters for Chinese men should be considered.
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Gonorrhoea and male bladder cancer in a prospective study
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; North America)
British Journal of Cancer. 11 Jan 2007;96:169-171.
Michaud DS | Platz EA | Giovannucci E
Related News Article: Gonorrhoea 'raises cancer risk'
In a prospective cohort study, a close to two-fold elevated risk of bladder cancer was found among men reporting a history of gonorrhoea. The findings of this study warrant further examination of the role of gonorrhoea in bladder carcinogenesis.
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MEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Prostate cancer treatment might shorten penis
(News Article; Europe)
2007 Jan 11;
Reuters
Men who receive combination treatment with hormone therapy plus radiation for local or locally advanced prostate cancer may experience a significant reduction in penile length.
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POPULATION RESEARCH

What can the age composition of a population tell us about the age composition of its out-migrants?
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Population, Space and Place. 2007;Online access January 12, 2007. 13(1):23-29.
Little JS | Rogers A
Preliminary findings show that the age structure of a population can provide valuable information about the age composition of its out-migrants, and that this relationship can become a key ingredient in a proposed new method for estimating the age profile of out-migrants when accurate data are not available. This method led the authors to fruitful prospects for a method of indirectly estimating the age composition of out-migrants.
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POPULATION NEWS

China`s population to surge by 200 million in 30 yrs: Report
(News Article; Asia)
11 Jan 2007
Zee News
The Chinese government forecast in a report that its population would surge by 200 million in 30 years and warned that the world's most populous nation could face tensions because of a large population with limited resources. The report also points out that many of China's workers will not be qualified for international competition due to the low quality of health and educational status.
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Pakistan: Govt to control birth rate under Public Private Partnership: Ch Shahbaz
(News Article; Asia)
12 Jan 2007
Online International News Network
Related News Article: Project to promote contraception
The Pakistani government has signed agreements with 22 Pakistani organizations across the country to create a public private partnership aimed at controlling the birth rate. The primary goal of the partnership is to create awareness among the public, and especially among uneducated segments of the society, regarding the high birth rate.
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Nigerian census maintains status quo ahead of polls
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
9 Jan 2007
Reuters
Nigeria released a politically sensitive breakdown of its census figures recently which maintained the status quo ahead of elections in April 2007. The figures put the population of the northern states at 75 million and that of the southern states at 65 million. This does not challenge Nigeria's complex political system which has been delicately balanced for decades on the assumption the north has a numerical advantage.
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WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

Experiences of women seeking medical care for obstetric fistula in Eritrea: Implications for prevention, treatment, and social reintegration
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Global Public Health. 2007 Jan;Online access January 11, 2007. 2(1):64-77.
Turan JM | Johnson K | Polan ML
This article presents findings from qualitative interviews with women seeking medical care for obstetric fistula in Eritrea. The women described long delays in accessing emergency obstetric care due to delayed recognition of the seriousness of the problem and lack of transportation from remote villages. Many patients described improvements in their conditions, but also continued problems with incontinence and sexual health. Patients lacked specific information about their condition, what to expect in terms of treatment and recovery, and how to care for themselves.
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Knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures among rural women in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria
(Abstract; Sub-Saharan Africa)
BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov;6(26)
Oluwatosin OA | Oladepo O
This study assessed the knowledge of various aspects of breast cancer including etiology, early warning signs, treatment modes, and early detection measures among women in two health districts in Akinyele Local Government in Ibadan. The study revealed that respondents lacked knowledge of vital issues about breast cancer and early detection measures and that health workers were not forthcoming with information to the public thereby constituting a challenge to community health nurses and other health workers, to provide vital information to the public.
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Research inequality 'harming women's health'
(News Article; Global)
12 Jan 2007
In The News UK
According to University College of London professor, Anita Holdcroft, the exclusion of women from clinical trials and other associated medical research is putting the health of millions of women potentially at risk. Holdcroft says that this issue is crucial because women may have a different drug efficacy or side effect profile from men. For example, it was recently reported that some prescription drugs were withdrawn from the U.S. market because of their possible affect on women's health.
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WOMEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Ethiopia: Inequality, gender-based violence raise HIV/Aids risk for women
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
8 Jan 2007
UN Integrated Regional Information Networks
Women and girls in Ethiopia often have less information and access to services, especially in rural areas. Girls make their sexual debut early -- either through early marriage or sexual abuse -- and their partners are typically much older men. This results commonly in more premature pregnancies, which cause higher rates of maternal and infant mortality, and increased vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. Physical and sexual violence within marriage is common, and women have difficulty negotiating the use of condoms or refusing sex.
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YOUTH HEALTH RESEARCH

Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
The Lancet. 2007 Jan;Online access January 11, 2007. 369(9555):60-70.
Grantham-McGregor S | Cheung YB | Cueto S | Glewwe P | Richter L | Strupp B
Because there are few national statistics on the development of young children in developing countries, this study identified two factors with available worldwide data -- the prevalence of early childhood stunting and the number of people living in absolute poverty -- to use as indicators of poor child development. Both indicators are closely associated with poor cognitive and educational performance in children. It is estimated that over 200 million children under 5 years-most in Asia and Africa-are not fulfilling their developmental potential.
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Prevalence of parental death among young people in South Africa and risk for HIV infection
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2007 Jan 1;Online access January 11, 2007. 44(1):93-98.
Operario D | Pettifor A | Cluver L | MacPhail C | Rees H
This study estimated the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of young people in South Africa who have experienced parental death and examined associations between parental death and young people's HIV status and sexual behaviors. The study found that more than one quarter of young South Africans have experienced parental death, which is associated with young female South Africans' HIV status and sexual behaviors among young female and male South Africans.
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Depo Now: Preventing unintended pregnancies among adolescents and young adults
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Jan;Online access January 11, 2007. 40(1):22-28.
Rickert VI | Tiezzi L | Lipshutz J | Leóna J | Vaughan RD | Westhoff C
This study looked at young women aged 14 to 26 years seeking to use Depo Now and randomized eligible women to recieve either Depo Now or a bridge method. Three factors were significantly associated with adherence to the third injection: randomized to Depo Now group, knowing more women who use Depo Now, and returning to clinic for the 21-day repeat pregnancy test visit. 28 pregnancies were diagnosed during the study period, and those in the bridge method group were almost 4.0 times more likely to be diagnosed with a pregnancy than those in the Depo Now group.
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YOUTH HEALTH NEWS

China: Beijing to improve sex education in primary, middle schools
(News Article; Asia)
10 Jan 2007
Xinhua
Beijing educational authorities are drafting sex education guidelines for primary and middle schools to cope with increasing sexual behavior among teenagers. They will base the curriculum on a survey on sex education among Beijing primary and middle schools conducted by the Beijing Sex Health Education Research Center. The new sex education plans are expected to fill a vacuum of sex education for young people, which used to be a taboo in Chinese society.
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China teens casual about one-night stands: poll
(News Article; Asia)
11 Jan 2007;
Reuters
The results of a recent survey of 2,300 high school students in Xuanwu, a downtown district in Beijing, indicate that more than half of China's high school students find nothing wrong with one-night stands and an overwhelming majority of girls would not reject a boyfriend's demands for sex. According to the survey, the average age of students losing their virginity was 15, and more than 40 percent of respondents who had had sex said they did not use contraceptives for their first time.
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SPECIAL REPORTS/PROFILES/RESOURCES

Addressing gender-based violence through USAID’s health programs: A guide for health sector program officers
(Programming Guide; Global)
(You need Adobe Acrobat Reader to access this document)
Washington, DC, USAID, 2006.
Interagency Gender Working Group of USAID
These guidelines are intended to help USAID program officers integrate gender-based violence initiatives into their health sector portfolio during project design, implementation, and evaluation. The publication explores reasons why these programs should address gender-based violence and how to support gender-based violence initiatives based on what is known about promising approaches from literature reviews (58p, 1 MB PDF).
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Policy empowers: Condom use among sex workers in the Dominican Republic
(Commentary; Central America and the Caribbean)
Haddock S, Population Action International
HIV prevention has long been approached at the level of individual behaviors. However, a paradigm shift toward considering the physical and social environments in which individual HIV risk behavior takes place is gradually gaining momentum. The Domincan Republic illlustrates an effective way of preventing HIV infections by initially addressing individual behaviors and then evolving to consider community and policy approaches.
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Georgia: Tbilisi Cancer Centre: Promoting early detection and treatment of breast and cervical cancers in Georgia
(Feature Article; Asia)
10 Jan 2007
Hinrichsen D
The Tbilisi Municipality, UNFPA, and the United Nations Population Fund are working towards increasing early detection and treatment of reproductive health cancers in Tbilisi, Georgia through training of doctors, population information, education and communication, network building and data analysis. Until the Tbilisi Cancer Centre was established in 2004, there was no medical facility in the entire country of Georgia with the capacity to screen, detect and treat the early stages of breast and cervical cancer.
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