Volume 7, Number 6
26 February 2007

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FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH

Psychological distress by type of fertility barrier
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; North America)
Human Reproduction. 2007 Mar;Online access February 23, 2007. 22(3):885-894.
Jacob MC | McQuillan J | Greil AL
This study examined fertility-specific distress (FSD) and general distress by type of fertility barrier by random telephone interview. Sixty-one percent of women interviewed reported fertility barriers and 28 percent reported an inability to conceive for at least 12 months. Self-identification as infertile is the largest source of FSD. More women with fertility barriers had elevated general distress than women without them. It may be that, for some women, fertility barriers can have lasting emotional consequences.

FAMILY PLANNING/REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEWS

Natural contraception 'effective'
(News Article; Global)
21 Feb 2007
BBC
Related Abstract; subscription needed for full text: The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple's sexual behaviour during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study
The symptothermal method (STM) assesses fertility levels during the monthly cycle by measuring body temperature and observing cervical secretions. The Human Reproduction study found using STM correctly led to a rate of 0.4 pregnancies per 100 women per year. UK experts said natural family planning was effective -- provided it was taught properly and carried out correctly.

HIV/AIDS RESEARCH

Reduction of HIV-1 RNA levels with therapy to suppress herpes simplex virus
(Research Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
New England Journal of Medicine. 22 Feb 2007;Online access February 22, 2007. 356(8):790-799.
Nagot N | Ouédraogo A | Foulongne V | Konaté I | Weiss HA | Vergne L | et al
Epidemiologic data suggest that infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is associated with increased genital shedding of HIV type 1 RNA and HIV-1 transmissibility. This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of HSV suppressive therapy with valacyclovir in Burkina Faso among women who were seropositive for HIV-1 and HSV-2; all were ineligible for highly active antiretroviral therapy. The study found that HSV suppressive therapy significantly reduces genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in dually infected women.

Investigating the utility of the HIV-1 BED capture enzyme immunoassay using cross-sectional and longitudinal seroconverter specimens from Africa
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS. 2007 Feb;Online access February 23, 2007. 21(4):403-408.
Karita E | Price M | Hunter E | Chomba E | Allen S | Fei L | et al
The BED IgG-Capture enzyme immunoassay was developed to estimate HIV-1 incidence using cross-sectional data by measuring increasing levels of HIV-specific IgG as a proportion of total IgG. To evaluate this assay, the study tested 189 seroconversion samples from 15 Rwandan and 26 Zambian volunteers with known time of infection and cross-sectional specimens from 617 Kenyan and Ugandan volunteers with prevalent infection. The data suggest that this assay does not perform reliably in all populations. Further research is warranted before using this assay.

Operational effectiveness and 36 week HIV-free survival in the South African programme to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS. 2007 Feb;Online access February 23, 2007. 21(4):509-516.
Jackson DJ | Chopra M | Doherty TM | Colvin MSE | Levin JB | Willumsen JF | et al
This prospective cohort study evaluated the routine operational effectiveness of the South African National PMTCT Program, primarily measured by HIV-free survival at 36 weeks post-delivery. HIV-free survival at 36 weeks varied significantly across sites with 84% in Paarl, 74% in Umlazi and 65% in Rietvlei. Maternal viral load was the single most important factor associated with HIV transmission or death. Ever breastfeeding and underlying inequities in healthcare quality within South Africa are predictors of PMTCT program performance.

HIV incidence during a cluster-randomized trial of two strategies providing voluntary counselling and testing at the workplace, Zimbabwe
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
AIDS. 2007 Feb;Online access February 23, 2007. 21(4):483-489.
Corbett EL | Makamure B | Cheung YB | Dauya E | Matambo R | Bandason T | et al
This study investigated HIV incidence during a trial of two voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) strategies. Mean VCT uptake in this cohort was 70.7 and 5.2 percent, respectively, in the intensive and standard arms. Crude HIV incidence was 1.21 per 100 person-years, with higher rates in the intensive VCT arm. Highly acceptable VCT did not reduce HIV incidence in this male cohort. HIV incidence was highest in the high uptake VCT arm, lending support to a US trial in which rapid testing had adverse behavioral consequences in some HIV-negative clients.

HIV/AIDS NEWS

South Africa: More people on anti-retroviral treatment - Shilowa
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
19 Feb 2007
BuaNews
South Africa's Gauteng Province has a program on HIV and AIDS that continues to reach more people since its inception two years ago. A provincial leader stated that more than 44,000 people had been put on anti-retroviral treatment in the past two years. While the program provides anti-retrovirals, it also focuses on prevention, treatment, care, and support of those affected and infected by HIV and AIDS.

Gambia: Recipe for AIDS disaster
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
21 Feb 2007
Associated Press
In a continent suffering from the world's worst AIDS epidemic, the Gambian president's claims of a miracle cure for HIV/AIDs are alarming public health workers already struggling against faith healers dispensing herbal remedies from thatched huts. The biggest concern is that the Gambian leader requires patients to cease their anti-retroviral drugs, a move that risks weakening their immune systems and making them even more prone to infection.

Uganda: HIV Vaccine a Decade Away
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
20 Feb 2007
New Vision
A successful HIV vaccine is at least a decade away, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative for Southern Africa (IAVI) said recently. The vaccine will soon enter its final stages of study -- trials involving about 3,500 HIV negative male and female volunteers -- which will last four years.

Fiji: HIV/AIDS policy for police
(News Article; Oceania)
21 Feb 2007
Fiji Times
Police in the Pacific Islands are working on a policy that will help them address HIV/AIDS issues at work. The Pacific Islands Chiefs of Police HIV/AIDS program manager said the policy would help remove the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS and that, because police were at higher risk for contracting HIV than the civil population, it was important to have a policy in place to cover them.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH RESEARCH

Breast feeding and mental and motor development at 12 months in a low-income population in northeast Brazil
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; South America)
Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2007 Mar;Online access February 20, 2007. 21(2):129-137.
Eickmann SH | de Lira PIC | de Carvalho Lima M | Bechara Coutinho SB | de Lourdes Perez Diaz Teixeira M | Ashworth A
The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the association between breast feeding and mental and motor development at age 12 months. After adjusting for potential confounders, full breast feeding at 1 month was associated with a small but significant benefit in mental development compared with partial or no breast feeding. No additional advantage in mental development was found with longer durations of full breast feeding. No association between breast feeding and motor development was found.

Determining causes of mortality in children enrolled in a vaccine field trial in a rural area in the Western Cape Province of South Africa
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2007 Mar;43(3):178-183.
Moyo S | Hawkridge T | Mahomed H | Workman L | Minnies D | Geiter LJ | et al
A mortality surveillance system was developed to identify causes of death among children enrolled in a tuberculosis vaccine field trial in South Africa. Among 11,677 children enrolled, 177 deaths were notified over 4 years. The infant mortality rate was 12.5 per 1000 live births and the neonatal mortality was 3 per 1000 live births. Important underlying causes of mortality include HIV/AIDS, prematurity/low birth weight and malnutrition.

Maternal health in Northern Nigeria—a far cry from ideal
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2007 Feb 19;Online access February 20, 2007.
Galadanci HS | Ejembi CL | Iliyasu Z | Alagh B | Umar US
This study was community based and carried out in the ten states in northeast Nigeria to determine the level of maternal care. Overall, 50% of the women attended antenatal clinics during their last pregnancy, 60% of the women received no tetanus toxoid in their last pregnancy, and home delivery was still the norm with 85.3% of women delivering at home. Up to 80.5% of the deliveries were supervised by personnel with no verifiable training in sanitary birthing techniques. Maternal health care as evidenced above is far from the ideal.

Rates of caesarean section: Analysis of global, regional and national estimates
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2007 Mar;Online access February 20, 2007. 21(2):98-113.
Betrán AP | Merialdi M | Lauer JA | Bing-Shun W | Thomas J | Van Look P | Wagner M
This study sought to estimate the proportion of births by caesarean section (CS) at national, regional and global levels, describe regional and subregional patterns and correlate rates with other reproductive health indicators. Although unevenly distributed, 15% of births worldwide are caesarean. Latin America and the Caribbean show the highest rate (29.2%), and Africa shows the lowest (3.5%). The analysis suggests a strong inverse association between CS rates and maternal, infant and neonatal mortality in countries with high mortality levels.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NEWS

Malnutrition high among Indian young
(News Article; Asia)
22 Feb 2007
United Press International
A survey by the Indian Health Ministry and UNICEF said nearly 46 percent of Indian children under the age of 3 suffer from malnutrition. Despite having funds to do something about it, the report said, the Indian figure is worse than sub-Saharan Africa's 35 percent -- worse than Ethiopia and on a par with Eritrea and Burkina Faso.

Breastfeeding could reduce child mortality in Yemen
(News Article; Middle East)
20 Feb 2007
al-Kibsi H, Yemen Observer
Improved breastfeeding alone could save the lives of more than 3,500 children in Yemen every day -- more than any other preventive intervention. To help increase breastfeeding in Yemen, the Nutrition Department at the Ministry of Public Health and Population, in cooperation with UNICEF, held a meeting last week to promote messages related to the wellbeing of mothers and children through breastfeeding.

Djibouti: Malnutrition a silent emergency - Unicef
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
21 Feb 2007
UN Integrated Regional Information Networks
Malnutrition among children younger than five is a silent emergency in Djibouti, where a survey conducted in 2006 showed malnutrition rates well above the emergency threshold. The 2006 Multi-Indicator Cluster Survey attributed the poor nutritional status of Djibouti infants and children mainly to frequent droughts, high unemployment and food prices that were beyond the means of most poor people in urban and rural areas.

India: Call to improve quality of neonatal care
(News Article; Asia)
21 Feb 2007
The Hindu
Kerala, which already has an excellent infant mortality rate, should now focus on improving the quality of care of newborns in hospital settings. Further reduction in infant mortality rates will not be possible unless more attention is given to neonatal care.

MEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

Acceptability of a combination testosterone gel and depomedroxyprogesterone acetate male contraceptive regimen
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Contraception. 2007 March;Online access January 16, 2007. 75(3):218-223.
Amorya J | Pagea S | Anawalta B | Matsumotoa A | Bremnera W
The study looked at the effectiveness of testosterone (T) gel in combination with depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) given every 3 months for suppression of spermatogenesis in men. Men's attitudes regarding the daily self-administration of T-gel and the impact of such a regimen on sexual function were studied. Findings show that the experimental male hormonal contraceptive regimen of T-gel plus DMPA is acceptable to approximately one half of study volunteers, most of whom would use the method if it were commercially available and is 90% effective.

Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
The Lancet. 2007 Feb 23;Online access February 15, 2007 369(9561):597-611.
Bhasin S | Enzlin P | Coviello A | Basson R
Endocrine disease frequently interrupts sexual function, and sexual dysfunction may signal serious endocrine disease. The effect of diabetes on women's sexual function is complex: the most consistent finding is a correlation between sexual dysfunction and depression. Reductions in testosterone level in men are associated with low sexual desire and reduced nocturnal erections and ejaculate volume. More research on the sexual effects of abnormal adrenal and thyroid function, hyperprolactinaemia, and metabolic syndrome should also be prioritised.

Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
The Lancet. 2007 Mar;Online access February 23, 2007. 369(9562):643-656.
Bailey RC | Moses S | Parker CB | Agot K | Maclean I | Krieger JN | et al
The aim of this randomised controlled trial of 2784 men aged 18–24 years was to determine whether male circumcision had a protective effect against HIV infection, and to assess safety and changes in sexual behaviour related to this intervention. Findings indicate that male circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HIV acquisition in young men in Africa. No behavioural risk compensation after circumcision was observed.

Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: A randomised trial
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Sub-Saharan Africa)
The Lancet. 2007 Mar;Online access February 23, 2007. 369(9562):657-666.
Gray RH | Kigozi G | Serwadda D | Makumbi F | Watya S | Nalugoda F | et al
In rural Rakai district, Uganda, 4996 uncircumcised, HIV-negative men aged 15–49 years who agreed to HIV testing and counselling were enrolled in this randomized trial. Men were randomly assigned to receive immediate circumcision or circumcision delayed for 24 months. In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, HIV incidence over 24 months was less in the intervention group than in the control group. Male circumcision reduced HIV incidence in men without behavioral disinhibition. Circumcision can be recommended for HIV prevention in men.

Assessment of condom use among Bolivian truck drivers through the lens of social cognitive theory
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; South America)
Health Promotion International. 2007 Mar;Online access February 20, 2007. 22(1):37-43.
William Sorensen W | Anderson PB | Speaker R | Vilches JE
This study aims to estimate the prevalence of high risk behaviors and to identify predictors of condom use among Bolivian long distance truck drivers. Analysis was completed on survey results from 246 male truckers (aged 18–67). About one in three of the truck drivers reported having had a sexually transmitted infection sometime in their past. Age and two social cognitive constructs (outcome expectations and perceived social norms) predicted condom use from logistic regression analysis.

Miglustat has no apparent effect on spermatogenesis in normal men
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Human Reproduction. 2007 Mar;Online access February 23, 2007. 22(3):702-707.
Amory JK | Muller CH | Page ST | Leifke E | Pagel ER | Bhandari A | et al
In mice, administration of the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor miglustat results in reversible infertilty. In human subjects who completed all aspects of the study, there was no apparent effect of miglustat on sperm concentration, motility or sperm morphology after 6 weeks. In contrast to the observations in mice, the oral administration of miglustat does not appear to affect human spermatogenesis. Further elucidation may improve understanding of the role of glycosphingolipids in spermatogenesis.

MEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Circumcision’s anti-AIDS effect found greater than first thought
(News Article; Global)
23 Feb 2007
New York Times
Circumcision may provide even more protection against AIDS than was first realized when two clinical trials in Africa were stopped two months ago because the results were so clear. That decision, announced on Dec. 13, made headlines around the world and led the two largest funds for fighting AIDS to say they would consider paying for circumcisions in high-risk countries. The final data from the trials, to be published in the February 24, 2007 issue of the British medical journal, The Lancet, suggest that circumcision reduces a man’s risk by as much as 65 percent.

Tests may spot most deadly prostate cancers
(News Article; Global)
22 Feb 2007
HealthDay News
Physicians may soon be able to identify which men have a more deadly form of prostate cancer. More than one million prostate biopsies are performed each year and of these, only 25 percent test positive for cancer. Another 25 percent have false negative findings, which means the test comes back negative even though it is later found that the patient does have cancer. New research that is expected to be presented at the Multidisciplinary Prostate Cancer Symposium may help identify which men need a second prostate biopsy after an initial negative biopsy.

POPULATION RESEARCH

Profile of female sex workers in a Chinese county: Does it differ by where they came from and where they work?
(Research Article; Asia)
World Health and Population. 2007 Feb;Online access February 23, 2007.
Fang X | Li X | Yang H | Hong Y | Zhao R | Dong B | et al
Informal sex work in the service or entertainment industry has spread from municipalities to small towns in most areas of China. This study used data from 454 female sex workers in a rural Chinese county to explore the profiles of commercial sex workers and to examine whether the risk behavior differed by location. The data suggest a strong association of individual profile with the economic conditions of work sites and residence status, which suggests that efforts must take social and cultural contextual factors of working environment into account.

POPULATION NEWS

Year of Golden Pig' set to trigger 'mini' baby boom in China
(News Article; Asia)
22 Feb 2007
The Hindu News
China is bracing for a 'mini' baby boom in 2007 as many young Chinese couples want to have offspring during the auspicious 'Year of the Golden Pig', which comes only once in 60 years. More members of the generation born under the mandatory 'one-child' per couple family policy have reached the age of marriage and child-bearing, family planning officials say. A mixture of tradition and superstition means that 2007 will witness a mini baby boom in the world's most populous nation.

Philippines: Three babies are born per minute, says NSO
(News Article; Asia)
21 Feb 2007
Philippine Information Agency
A total of 1,669,442 live births was recorded for the year 2003, or a minimal increase of 0.2 percent from 1,666,773 in 2002. The daily occurrence of births was 4,574, or 190 babies born every hour, or 3 babies per minute. Areas with relatively large population reported the highest counts of births with respect to the usual residence of the mother.

India survey says male children preferred
(News Article; Asia)
21 Feb 2007
Associated Press
Indian women continue to face pressure to produce a male child, according to a government survey released recently. Of female respondents who identified themselves as married with two living children, nearly 90 percent say they don't want more children if they have at least one son, but that number falls to about 62 percent if the women have two girls, according to the National Family Health Survey.

WOMEN'S HEALTH RESEARCH

Use of intrauterine devices and systems by HIV-infected women
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Contraception. 2007 Feb;
Castano P
HIV-infected women have unique contraceptive needs. HIV infection is now considered a chronic disease and contraceptive options have widened for HIV-infected women. However, there are safety concerns regarding the use of intrauterine devices and systems in HIV-infected women. Although studies are limited, intrauterine devices appear to be safe for use by most HIV-infected women. This is a review of the available data and international recommendations.

Effects of sex work on the prevalence of syphilis among injection drug users in 3 Russian cities
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
American Journal of Public Health. 2007 Mar;Online access February 22, 2007. 97(3):478-485.
Platt L | Rhodes T | Judd A | Koshkina E | Maksimova S | Latishevskaya N
This study examined risk factors for syphilis infection among injection drug users in 3 Russian Federation cities, focusing on the potential roles of gender and sex work. Among the findings was the realization that syphilis transmission dynamics varied by region. Sex work can increase syphilis risk among injection drug users, potentially feeding the momentum of sexually transmitted HIV and syphilis among non-injectors. Targeted interventions are needed to reduce both sexual and injection risk behaviors among injection drug users.

WOMEN'S HEALTH NEWS

Ending female genital mutilation
(Editorial; North Africa | Sub-Saharan Africa)
20 Feb 2007
Los Angeles Times
Female genital cutting is one of the world's most entrenched and pervasive violations of human rights. Each year an estimated 2 million women and girls, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt and Sudan, are cut, typically before their 14th birthday. But in the past few years, thousands of villages in Senegal, Egypt and Sudan have abandoned the practice. [Registration required to view full text]

CDC says cancer vaccine problems minor
(News Article; Global)
21 Feb 2007
Washington Post
More than 500 cases of mostly minor side effects have been reported in girls and women who got the new cervical cancer vaccine, but US government health officials say no additional warning labels are needed. Many of the reports involved fainting, but teens tend to faint from vaccinations anyway, health experts said, and the number of cases doesn't exceed what was expected.

YOUTH HEALTH RESEARCH

Sex and HIV education programs: Their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Global)
Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Mar;Online access February 23, 2007. 40(3):206-217.
Kirby DB | Laris BA | Rolleri LA
This paper reviews 83 studies that measure the impact of curriculum-based sex and HIV education programs on sexual behavior and mediating factors among youth under 25 years anywhere in the world. Two thirds of the programs significantly improved one or more sexual behaviors. The evidence is strong that programs do not hasten or increase sexual behavior, but, instead, some programs delay or decrease sexual behaviors or increase condom or contraceptive use.

The within-household schooling decision: A study of children in rural Andhra Pradesh
(Abstract; subscription needed for full text; Asia)
Journal of Population Economics. 2007 Feb;Online access February 23, 2007. 20(1):223-239.
Ota M | Moffatt PG
Using microdata from a field survey of children in rural Andhra Pradesh, India, this study estimated econometric models which aim to identify the key explanatory factors in the decision on schooling. The approach adopted is to focus on the effects of sibling competition within the household. The findings suggest that the schooling decision depends as much on the child's characteristics and position within the household as on the circumstances in which the child lives.

YOUTH HEALTH NEWS

Teenagers turn the tide on HIV/AIDS in southern Africa -- South African Peer Education Development Agency wins the prestigious Commonwealth Education Good Practice Award
(News Article; Sub-Saharan Africa)
20 Feb 2007
GOLD Peer Education Development Agency
GOLD Peer Education Development Agency (GOLD), a not-for-profit organization based in South Africa, recently won the Commonwealth Education Good Practice Award for helping education in difficult circumstances. GOLD trains local organizations throughout Southern Africa to empower young people at risk of HIV or made vulnerable by the HIV/AIDS epidemic to become agents of positive change in their schools and communities. Peer educators receive intensive training across a range of issues, with an emphasis on practical experiential learning and skills development.

Youth group to stage post Valentine concert with touch of reproductive health
(News Article; Asia)
21 Feb 2007
Philippine Information Agency
The Waray-Waray Youth Advocates will be conducting a valentine concert featuring WARAYA members and will serve as an informational show to educate the public about adolescent reproductive health. The project aims to help young people build a resource center and Internet café where they can learn, share, earn, and be productive through this fundraising event.

SPECIAL REPORTS/PROFILES/RESOURCES

MENTOR (Monitoring and Evaluation Network of Training On-line Resources)
(Teaching and Training Material; Global)
MEASURE Evaluation
MENTOR is a free on-line resource that provides training materials on health-related monitoring and evaluation (M&E) topics, including an interactive mini course on M&E fundamentals and downloadable M&E training materials, including slide sets, case studies and other resources used in MEASURE Evaluation’s regional short courses. Topics include M&E of population, health and nutrition programs, M&E of HIV/AIDS programs, M&E of tuberculosis programs and routine health information systems.

Calendar of Events

See All Events

July 29, 2007 - August 1, 2007
International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Meeting
The International Society for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research, established in 1977, conducts biennial scientific meetings that address the entire range of the biomedical, behavioral and social sciences related to all STDs, including human immunodeficiency virus infection. Meeting venues alternate between Europe and North America.
Contact's Name: Eurocongres Conference Management / E-Mail: isstdr2007@eurocongres.com
Event Location: Seattle, Washington, USA

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Volume 7, Number 626 February 2007