Tables

Table 1. Total Unmet Need Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Developing Areas, 1996
Table 2. Unmet Need, Demographic and Health Surveys, 1985–1994
Table 3. Trends in Unmet Need and Contraceptive Prevalence
Table 4. Who Approves of Family Planning
Table 5. Pregnancy Status, Past Contraceptive Use, and Intention to Use Contraception Among Women with Unmet Need
Table 6. Illustrative Program-Design Matrix for Addressing Unmet Need

Table 1. Total Unmet Need Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Developing Areas, 1996
Region	Number with Unmet Need (in Thousands)	Unmet Need (% of MWRA)
Africa	22,200	26
Near East and North Africa	6,200	15
Asia, except China	62,100	18
Latin America	11,200	17
All Developing Areas, except China	101,700	19
MWRA = married women of reproductive age Source: Based on Demographic and Health Surveys and comparable surveys

Return to Chapter 1.2

Table 2. Unmet Need, Demographic and Health Surveys, 1985-1994
Region, Country & Year of Survey	Numbers with Unmet Need	% of MWRA with Unmet Need			% of MWRA Using Contraception
	(in Thousands)	Total	Spacing	Limiting	Total	Spacing	Limiting
AFRICA
Botswana 1988	27	27	19	7	33	18	15
Burkina Faso 1992-93	522	33	24	9	16	11	5
Burundi 1987	201	25	18	7	9	6	3
Cameroon 1991	347	22	17	4	16	11	5
Ghana 1994	759	33	24	9	20	11	10
Kenya 1993	1,101	36	22	13	33	10	23
Liberia 1986	131	33	20	13	7	4	3
Madagascar 1992	551	32	17	15	17	6	10
Malawi 1992	498	36	26	9	13	7	6
Mali 1987	435	23	17	6	12	8	4
Namibia 1992	22	22	15	7	29	11	18
Niger 1992	243	19	16	2	5	4	1
Nigeria 1990	3,928	22	17	5	6	3	3
Rwanda 1992	332	37	24	13	21	10	11
Senegal 1992-93	350	29	23	7	7	4	3
Sudan 1989-90	940	25	18	7	9	5	4
Tanzania 1991-92	1,065	27	19	8	10	6	5
Uganda 1988-89	707	27	20	7	5	2	3
Zambia 1992	368	31	23	8	15	9	6
Zimbabwe 1994	207	15	9	6	48	27	21
NEAR EAST & NORTH AFRICA
Egypt 1992	1,818	22	7	15	47	8	39
Jordan 1990	110	22	10	12	40	12	29
Morocco 1992	650	20	9	11	42	14	27
Tunisia 1988	217	20	11	9	50	14	36
Turkey 1992	1,062	11	4	8	63	12	51
ASIA
Bangladesh 1994	4,400	18	10	8	45	11	34
India 1992	31,005	20	9	11	41	3	37
Indonesia 1991	4,427	14	8	6	50	19	31
Nepal 1991	970	28	12	15	23	1	22
Pakistan 1990-91	5,738	32	17	15	12	2	10
Philippines 1993	2,512	26	13	13	40	9	31
Sri Lanka 1987	332	12	7	5	62	13	49
Thailand 1987	999	11	6	6	66	16	50
LATIN AMERICA
Bolivia 1994	235	24	6	17	45	11	35
Brazil 1986	3,034	13	5	8	66	18	48
Colombia 1990	545	12	4	7	66	20	46
Dominican Rep. 1991	171	17	9	8	56	11	46
Ecuador 1987	411	24	11	13	44	12	33
El Salvador 1985	182	26	14	12	47	8	39
Guatemala 1987	382	29	16	13	23	5	18
Mexico 1987	3,133	24	11	13	53	14	39
Paraguay 1990	395	15	8	7	48	24	25
Peru 1991-92	471	16	4	11	59	14	45
Trinidad and Tobago 1987	32	16	8	8	53	19	34
NOTE: In this and other tables subtotals may not add precisely to totals due to rounding. MWRA = married women of reproductive age Potential total demand = contraceptive use + unmet need % of potential total demand unmet = unmet need divided by potential total demand Source: DHS tabulation, Westoff & Bankole 1995 (237), Westoff & Ochoa 1991 (238)

Return to Chapter 1.2 | Return to Chapter 3.2

Table 3. Trends in Unmet Need and Contraceptive Prevalence
Region, Country & Year of Survey	% of MWRA with Unmet Need			% of MWRA Using Contraception
	Total	Spacing	Limiting	Total	Spacing	Limiting
AFRICA
Ghana 19881 Ghana 19942	35 33	26 24	9   9	13 20	8 11	5 10
Kenya 1988-892 Kenya 19931	38 36	22 19	16 13	27 33	9 10	18 23
Tanzania 1991-922 Tanzania 19943	27 27	19 17	8 10	10 20	6 12	5   8
Zimbabwe 1988-891 Zimbabwe 19941	22 15	10   9	12   6	43 48	28 27	16 21
NEAR EAST & NORTH AFRICA
Egypt 1988-891 Eqypt 19922	25 22	10   7	15 15	38 47	6   8	32 39
Morocco 19871 Morocco 19922 Morrocco 19953	22 20 16	13   9   6	10 11 10	36 42 50	13 14 17	23 27 23
ASIA
Indonesia 19871 Indonesia 19922 Indonesia 19943	16 14 11	10 8 5	6   6   6	48 50 55	18 19 23	30 31 32
LATIN AMERICA
Bolivia 19891 Bolivia 19942	36 24	10   6	26 17	30 45	7 11	24 35
Colombia 19861 Colombia 19902	13 12	5   4	8   7	65 66	15 20	49 46
Dominican Rep. 19861 Dominican Rep. 19912	19 17	10   9	9   8	50 56	10 11	40 46
Peru 19861 Peru 1991-922	28 16	8   4	20 11	46 59	11 14	35 45
MWRA = married women of reproductive age 1Source: DHS data tables 2Source: Westoff & Bankole 1995 (237) 3Source: DHS country report: Azelmat et al. 1996 (11) (Morocco 1995); CBS et al. 1995 (91) (Indonesia 1994); Ngallaba et al. 1993 (141) (Tanzania 1991-92); Weinstein et al. 1995 (228) (Tanzania 1994)

Return to Chapter 1.3

Table 4. Who Approves of Family Planning Opinions of Contraceptive Users and Women with Unmet Need, Trishal Thana, Bangladesh, 1991
	Contraceptive Users	Women with Unmet Need
Themselves approve	99	89
Think their husbands approve	93	65
Think village leaders approve	82	57
Think people in their village approve	92	85
Think religion approves	70	54
Note: Unmet need = not wanting pregnancy within the next two years but not using contraception. Source: JHU/PCS data files (105)

Return to Chapter 2.4

Table 5. Pregnancy Status, Past Contraception Use, and Intention to Use Contraception Among Women with Unmet Need
Region, Country & Year of Survey	% Who Are Pregnant or Amenorrheic	% Who Have Never Used Contraceptives	% Who Intend to Use Contraception*
AFRICA
Botswana 1988	36	52	60
Burkina Faso 1992-93	35	57	36
Burundi 1987	51	71	38
Cameroon 1991	33	53	45
Ghana 1994	43	57	70
Kenya 1993	49	59	72
Liberia 1986	31	77	50
Madagascar 1992	45	82	65
Malawi 1992	46	59	72
Mali 1987	24	81	24
Namibia 1992	32	56	47
Niger 1992	39	88	40
Nigeria 1990	23	86	38
Rwanda 1992	65	65	38
Senegal 1992-93	45	84	50
Sudan 1989-90	37	70	32
Tanzania 1991-92	37	74	47
Uganda 1988-89	51	73	37
Zambia 1992	53	50	68
NEAR EAST & NORTH AFRICA
Egypt 1992	31	53	45
Jordan 1990	27	48	45
Morocco 1992	35	51	55
Tunisia 1988	40	58	58
Turkey 1992	31	51	63
ASIA
Bangladesh 1994	22	51	79
Indonesia 1991	21	50	44
Pakistan 1990-91	26	82	26
Philippines 1993	32	63	41
Sri Lanka 1987	27	67	50
Thailand 1987	27	40	60
LATIN AMERICA
Bolivia 1994	47	72	66
Brazil 1986	38	47	63
Colombia 1990	34	42	74
Dominican Rep. 1991	40	43	71
Ecuador 1987	30	65	50
El Salvador 1985	30	76	36
Guatemala 1987	33	84	32
Paraguay 1990	27	61	47
Peru 1991-92	48	56	74
Trinidad and Tobago 1987	19	30	63
* In next 12 months Source: Demographic and Health Surveys

Return to Chapter 3.2

Table 6. Illustrative Program-Design Matrix for Addressing Unmet Need
	Program Component				Size of Subgroup in Illustrative Countries
Representative Groups	IEC	Method Mix	Delivery Channel	Worker Type	Kenya 1993	Morocco 1992	Philippines 1993
Basic group1	Various (mass media, counseling, etc.)	All	Clinic, CBD, hospital, workplace, pharmacies, etc.	Multiple	1,101,000	650,000	2,512,000
Unmarried adolescents	Sex education	More temporary methods	Youth groups, schools, youth centers	Educator	Females2: 1,322,000 (15-19), 476,000 (20-24)	Females2: 1,322,000 (15-19), 778,000 (20-24)	Females2: 3,223,000 (15-19), 1,881,000 (20-24)
Newlyweds	Sex education	More temporary methods	Marriage license bureau, clinic, CBD, social marketing	Bureau staff	299,000 couples/year (18.8)3	278,000 couples/year (18.8)3	641,000 couples/year (21.6)3
Postpartum	"Postpone" "Breastfeed" Birth spacing	Selected methods	Hospital, maternity center, trained midwife	Medical educator	1,013,000 births/year; 456,000 attended4	829,000 births/year; 249,000 attended4	2,031,000 births/year; 654,000 attended4
Postabortion	Promotion of specific methods	All	Clinics, hospitals	Medical educator	113,000- 338,0005	92,000- 276,0005	226,000- 677,0005
Dissatisfied users or discontinuers	"Method choices"	All	Clinic, CBD, workplace	All	Of 1,156,000 users6, ? dissatisfied	Of 1,415,000 users6, ? dissatisfied	Of 2,437,000 users6, ? dissatisfied
1 Number of women with unmet need; based on Table 2. 2 Includes females only, since percentage married for males is unavailable. Fewer males are married so the total of unmarried for both sexes is more than double that shown. Sources: UN projections for number of females by age; Ross et al. 1993 (182) for percentage married by age. 3 Mean or median age at marriage shown in parentheses. Sources: DHS surveys for age of marriage; UN projections for number of females at mean age of marriage (interpolated). 4 Sources: DHS surveys for crude birth rate; Population Reference Bureau, "1995 World Population Data Sheet" (160) for 1995 population estimates; percentage attended from DHS surveys for Kenya and Philippines and from questionnaire inquiry for Morocco. 5 Based on number of births per year (from Note 4) and abortions-to-births ratio, assuming a rough range of 10% to 30% of all pregnancies aborted. The number of these women who make contact with trained health care providers is unknown and must be estimated locally. 6 Number of users is for modern methods only. Sources: DHS surveys for percentage of married/cohabiting women ages 15-49 using modern methods. Number of MWRA from Table 2. Percentage of users who are dissatisfied is unknown and would vary by the definitions employed, method mix, quality of services, and other determinants but may be estimated from special surveys. CBD = community-based distribution Source: Adapted from Ross 1990 (178) and Ross et al. 1996 (179)

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