Tables

Table 1. Performance of Copper and LNG IUDs
Table 2. Worldwide Use of IUDs, 1995
Table 3. IUD Use


Table 1.
Performance of Copper and LNG IUDs
Selected Randomized Multicenter Comparative Trials, 1975-1995

Please refer to the following to identify each type of removal:
A P = Accidental Pregnancy
Ex = Expulsion
B/P = Bleeding/Pain		 In = Infection
O M = Other Method
C R = Continuation Rate
Author & Date
(Ref. No.)		 Place Life-Table Methoda IUDs Studied No. of Women Rate per 100 Women of Removal for:
A P Ex B/P In O M C R
12-Month Rates
Cole et al. 1985 (73) Costa Rica, Egypt, Panama, Yugoslavia Noncompeting TCu-380Ag
MLCu-375
737
740
0.3
0.8
3.3
4.1
3.6
3.6
----0.4----
----1.1----
90.9
88.7
Indian Council of Medical Research 1989 (517) India Competing LNG
TCu-380Ag
TCu-220C
TCu-200B
475
434
496
500
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.9
6.5
5.3
4.8
5.9
13.8*b
7.1b
6.0b
5.7b
1.5
0.8
1.1
2.0
1.5
0.8
1.1
2.0
74.5*
83.5
84.4
82.2
Luukkainen et al. 1983 (226) Denmark, Finland, Sweden Noncompeting Nova T
TCu-200Ag
918
947
0.8
2.1
5.8
4.6
11.9
12.2
2.5
2.0
0.9
1.5
76.1
76.7
Luukkainen et al. 1987 (224) Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Sweden Competing Nova T
LNG-20
937
1,821
0.9
0.1*
3.7
3.5
7.5
8.7
NA
NA
3.1
3.1
82.2
79.7
Sastrawinata et al. 1991 (540) Indonesia Noncompeting TCu-380A
Lippes Loop D
MLCu-375
946
943

948
0.4*c
1.4

1.4
6.0
5.7

3.8
1.6
1.9

1.1
----0.9----
----0.8----

----0.9----
90.3
90.0

91.6
Sivin & Stern 1979 (332) Canada, US Competing TCu-200
TCu-220C

TCu-200
TCu-380A
1,014
1,097

1,851
1,679
2.1
0.9

3.1
1.0*
7.1
8.0

7.1
7.1
10.3
11.5

11.5
14.2
----3.6----
----2.3----

----2.8----
----3.0----
72.5
73.5

70.8
69.7
Sivin et al. 1987d (335) Brazil, Chile, Dominican Rep., Egypt, Singapore, US Competing TCu-380Ag
LNG-20
1,120
1,124
0.3
0.2
5.5
6.0
7.0e
10.9e
0.9
1.0
2.8
3.4
79.8
73.5*
Van Dierendonck et al. 1992 (560) Nigeria Noncompeting MLCu-250
MLCu-375
653
586
1.8
0.2
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.5
----1.9----
----1.8----
87.9
87.3
Wilson 1992 (564) New Zealand Competing Nova T
MLCu-375
MLCu-250Ag
608
586
596
2.0
1.2
0.8
4.3*
1.9
1.6
8.9
6.0
7.8
2.2
1.1
0.5*f
2.0
0.6*g
0.9
81.9*
89.6
88.7
WHO 1982 (444) Egypt, Hungary, India, Philippines, Thailand, UK, US, USSR, W. Germany Noncompeting TCu-220C
Lippes Loop D
CU-7
984
992

994
0.5*
1.9

1.9
3.7*
7.8

6.3
2.2*h
4.5h

3.6h
0.5
0.1

0.1
1.2
0.5

1.3
76.3
68.8*i

70.6
WHO 1994 (648) 19 centers in 9 countries Noncompeting TCu-380A
MLCu-375
1,823
1,832
0.8
1.2
3.8
3.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
88.2
89.1
WHO 1995 (649) 28 centers in 13 countries Noncompeting TCu-380A
FlexiGard
2,184
2,102
0.6
1.2
2.4
5.7*
3.6
3.1
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.2
89.9
86.5
Author & Date
(Ref. No.)		 Place Life-Table Methoda IUDs Studied No. of Women Rate per 100 Women of Removal for:
A P Ex B/P In O M C R
24-Month Rates
Champion et al. 1988 (496) Panama, Yugoslavia Noncompeting TCu-380Ag
MLCu-375
441
441
0.6
1.3
4.5
5.6
7.8
7.6
----0.5----
----1.3----
79.7
76.6
Indian Council of Medical Research 1989 (516) India Competing LNG
TCu-380Ag
TCu-220C
TCu-220B
475
434
496
500
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.9
9.2
7.1
7.1
7.1
21.9*b
10.8b
9.9b
8.8b
1.8
0.8
1.2
1.2
2.1
1.5
1.9
3.1
58.7*
69.9
66.6
68.8
Luukkainen et al. 1983 (226) Denmark, Finland, Sweden Noncompeting Nova T
TCu-200Ag
918
947
1.8*
4.8
7.8
6.0
19.1
16.4
3.3
2.7
2.1
3.2
51.6
64.7
Sastrawinata et al. 1991 (540) Indonesia Noncompeting TCu-380A
Lippes Loop D
MLCu-375
946
943

948
1.2
2.2

2.7
6.7
7.5

5.3
2.3
2.6

1.7
----1.7----
----1.1----

----1.3----
85.5
85.0

85.4
Sivin & Stern 1979 (332) Canada, US Competing TCu-200
TCu-220C

TCu-200
TCu-380A
1,014
1,097

1,851
1,679
2.1
0.9

3.1
1.0*
7.1
8.0

7.1
7.1
10.3
11.5

11.5
14.2
----3.6----
----2.3----

----2.8----
----3.0----
72.5
73.5

70.8
69.7
Sivin et al. 1987d (335) Brazil, Chile, Dominican Rep., Egypt, Singapore, US Competing TCu-380Ag
LNG-20
1,120
1,124
0.3
0.2
5.5
6.0
7.0e
10.9e
0.9
1.0
2.8
3.4
79.8
73.5*
Van Dierendonck et al. 1992 (560) Nigeria Noncompeting MLCu-250
MLCu-375
653
586
1.8
0.2
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.5
----1.9----
----1.8----
87.9
87.3
Wilson 1992 (564) New Zealand Competing Nova T
MLCu-375
MLCu-250Ag
608
586
596
2.0
1.2
0.8
4.3*
1.9
1.6
8.9
6.0
7.8
2.2
1.1
0.5*f
2.0
0.6*g
0.9
81.9*
89.6
88.7
WHO 1982 (444) Egypt, Hungary, India, Philippines, Thailand, UK, US, USSR, W. Germany Noncompeting TCu-220C
Lippes Loop D
CU-7
984
992

994
0.5*
1.9

1.9
3.7*
7.8

6.3
2.2*h
4.5h

3.6h
0.5
0.1

0.1
1.2
0.5

1.3
76.3
68.8*i

70.6
WHO 1994 (648) Noncompeting 19 centers in 9 countries TCu-380A
MLCu-375
1,823
1,832
0.8
1.2
3.8
3.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
88.2
89.1
WHO 1995 (649) 28 centers in 13 countries Noncompeting TCu-380A
FlexiGard
2,184
2,102
0.6
1.2
2.4
5.7*
3.6
3.1
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.2
89.9
86.5
Author & Date
(Ref. No.)		 Place Life-Table Methoda IUDs Studied No. of Women Rate per 100 Women of Removal for:
A P Ex B/P In O M C R
36-Month Rates
Champion et al. 1988 (496) Panama, Yugoslavia Noncompeting TCu-380Ag
MLCu-375
441
441
0.6
1.8
5.4
6.5
8.8
11.4
----2.0----
----2.9----
67.4
61.4
Indian Council of Medical Research 1989 (516) India Competing LNG
TCu-380Ag
TCu-220C
TCu-220B
475
434
496
500
0.0
1.0
0.3
1.6
10.6
7.6
8.3
8.5
27.9*b
13.4b
15.4b
14.6b
1.8
1.2
1.7
1.2
4.2
3.0
4.2
6.0
38.8*
50.4
45.4
45.4
Luukkainen et al. 1983 (226) Denmark, Finland, Sweden Noncompeting Nova T
TCu-200Ag
918
947
2.7*
6.5
9.8
6.8*
25.0
23.2
4.6
4.9
2.8
4.4
48.2
51.1
Toivonen et al. 1991 (556) Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Sweden Noncompeting Nova T
LNG-20
937
1,821
3.7
0.3
5.4
5.3
14.3
15.7
2.0
0.5
7.5
14.0
59.0
57.0
Wilson 1992 (564) New Zealand Competing Nova T
MLCu-375
MLCu-250Ag
608
586
596
6.5
3.2*g
5.7
7.2
4.8
4.3
21.5
18.5
21.9
3.6
1.8
1.7
3.0
4.0
3.2
63.7
70.7*g
67.0
WHO 1988 (307) 13 centers in 11 countries

19 centers worldwide		 Noncompeting


Noncompeting		 TCu-380A
TCu-220C

Nova T
TCu-220C
1,396
1,396

1,847
1,881
1.0*
3.3

6.4
4.4*
6.9
7.7

6.0
6.6
12.5
11.6

10.5
11.4
0.1
0.3

0.3
0.2
1.7
0.9

1.6
1.4
63.7
62.5

60.2
72.5
WHO 1994 (648) Noncompeting 19 centers in 9 countries TCu-380A
MLCu-375
1,823
1,832
1.6
2.9*
5.2
6.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
77.9
77.7
WHO 1995 (649) 28 centers in 13 countries Noncompeting TCu-380A
FlexiGard
2,184
2,102
1.7
2.0
4.4
7.4*
7.5
7.5
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.7
77.3
75.6
48-Month Rates
Luukkainen et al. 1983 (226) Denmark, Finland, Sweden Noncompeting Nova T
TCu-200Ag
918
947
2.9*
7.1
11.0
9.0
30.0
27.2
5.9
6.0
3.4*
7.9
39.8
40.5
WHO 1988 (307) 13 centers in 11 countries

19 centers worldwide		 Noncompeting


Noncompeting		 TCu-380A
TCu-220C

Nova T
TCu-220C
1,396
1,396

1,847
1,881
1.1*
3.9

8.4
5.2*
7.7
8.4

6.2
7.0
14.4
14.1

11.6
13.1
0.1
0.4

0.4
0.2
2.3
1.4

1.7
2.1
56.6
54.3

54.2
57.5
Author & Date
(Ref. No.)		 Place Life-Table Methoda IUDs Studied No. of Women Rate per 100 Women of Removal for:
A P Ex B/P In O M C R
60-Month Rates
Anderson et al. 1985 (73) Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Sweden Competing Nova T
LNG-20
937
1,821
4.2
0.3*
5.5
4.9
20.4
19.4
1.6
0.6*
8.7
6.4
44.5
46.9
Luukkainen et al. 1983 (226) Denmark, Finland, Sweden Noncompeting Nova T
TCu-200Ag
918
947
3.4*
8.7
12.5
9.9
34.7
29.8
7.2
6.5
5.1*
8.3
33.2
36.0
Sivin et al. 1990 (546) Brazil, Chile, Dominican Rep., Egypt, Singapore, US Noncompeting TCu-380Ag
LNG-20
1,121
1,124
1.4
1.1
7.4*
11.8
23.7*e
35.1e
----16.2----
----16.9----
40.6*
33.0
WHO 1988 (307) 13 centers in 11 countries Noncompeting TCu-380A
TCu-220C

Nova T
TCu-220C
1,396
1,396

1,847
1,881
1.4*
3.9

10.0
5.4*
8.0
9.1

6.2
7.6
17.3
16.4

13.4
14.5
0.1
0.6

0.4
0.2
2.4
1.5

2.0
2.8
50.5
49.0

50.6
54.5
72-Month Rates
WHO 1988 (625) 13 centers in 11 countries

19 centers worldwide		 Noncompeting


Noncompeting		 TCu-380A
TCu-220C
1,396
1,396
1.7*
4.6
8.2
9.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
40.3
39.5
84-Month Rates
Sivin et al. 1991 (549) Brazil, Chile, Dominican Rep., Egypt, Singapore, US Noncompeting TCu-380Ag
LNG-20
1,121
1,125
1.4
1.1
8.4*
11.7
31.1*e
45.0e
3.6
3.6
20.4
23.3
27.2*
23.1
WHO 1990 (566) 13 centers worldwide Noncompeting TCu-380A
TCu-220C
1,396
1,396
1.6
4.9
8.6
10.0
22.7
19.8
----4.1----
----3.5----
43.7
43.7
96-Month Rates
WHO 1988 (625) 13 centers in 11 countries Noncompeting TCu-380A
TCu-220C
1,396
1,396
2.1*
5.1
10.3
11.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
30.3
30.7
120-Month Rates
WHO 1993 (625) 13 centers in 11 countries Noncompeting TCu-380A
TCu-220C
1,396
1,396
2.1*
5.7
10.4
11.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25.6
26.1
*

a









b



c
d
e


f
g
h
i
j		 Reported as statistically significant difference. (In studies comparing three IUDs, the asterisked rate is significantly different from both other rates except where noted.)
Life-table techniques are used to calculate rates of removal and continuation taking into account the varying lengths of time that women remain in a study. Noncompeting life-table rates, also known as gross cumulative rates or, by the World Health Organization, as cumulative net probability rates, are the discontinuation rates for a single event among current users. That is, when the rate is calculated, discontinuations for other reasons are taken into account. Competing rates, also called net cumulative rates or cumulative crude rates, are cumulative discontinuation rates for an event among all users without adjusting for other events. Noncompeting rates are most appropriate for comparing event rates among different devices. Competing rates provide an estimate of overall IUD performance, showing the relative importance of different reasons for discontinuation. Competing rates may be unreliable when comparing specific reasons for discontinuation between devices.
Includes removals for amenorrhea: at 12 months, 5.4 for the LNG, 0.8 for the TCu-380Ag, 0.0 for the TCu-220C, and 0.7 for the TCu-200B. At 24 months, 10.3 for the LNG, 0.8 for the TCu-380Ag, 0.3 for the TCu-220C, and 1.5 for the TCu-200B. At 36 months, 14.1 for the LNG, 0.8 for the TCu-380Ag, 0.3 for the TCu-220C, and 3.2 for the TCu-200B.
TCu-380A and MLCu-375 significantly different
13-month rates
Includes removals for amenorrhea: at 13 months, 0.1 for the TCu-380Ag and 4.9 for the LNG-20; at 25 months, 0.2 for the TCu-380Ag and 8.4 for the LNG-20; at 60 months, 0.4 for the TCu-380Ag and 19.7 for the LNG-20; at 84 months, 1.1 for the TCu-380Ag and 24.6 for the LNG-20.
MLCu-250Ag and Nova T significantly different
MLCu-375 and Nova T significantly different
Removals for bleeding only
Lippes Loop and TCu-220C significantly different
25-month rates

Return to Chapter 2.2 | Return to Chapter 2.3 | Return to Chapter 2.4
Return to Chapter 2.5 | Return to Chapter 2.7 | Return to Chapter 5.1
Return to Sidebars


Table 2.
Worldwide Use of IUDs, 1995
Estimated Use Among Married Women of Reproductive Age
Region & Country % of MWRA Using IUDs Number of MWRA
(in 1,000s)
DEVELOPING AREAS
Asia
   China
33.0
72,000
   Indian Subcontinent
  2.1
  5,200
   Other Asian
12.9
10,900
Latin America & Caribbean
  6.2
  4,000
Near East & North Africa
11.6
  4,900
Tropical Africa
  0.8
     600
All Developing Areas
13.4
97,600
All Developing Areas except China
  5.0
25,600
DEVELOPED AREAS
Australia & New Zealand
  5.2
     200
Europe
   North (Scandinavia)
18.2
     700
   Other Europe (includes former USSR)
  7.2
  6,400
Japan
  3.5
     650
North America
  1.5
     650
All Developed Areas
  5.3
  8,600
WORLD
11.9
106,200  
World, except China
  5.1
34,200
World,, except China & India
  6.1
30,700
MWRA = married women of reproductive age

Return to Chapter 6



Table 3.
IUD Use
Among Married Women of Reproductive Age as Reported in Representative Sample Surveys, 1984-1995
1990
Region, Country & Year % Using % of
Contraceptors
Using IUDs		 Region, Country & Year % Using % of
Contraceptors
Using IUDs
Any
Method		 IUDs Any
Method		 IUDs
AFRICA, SUB-SAHARAN Pakistan 1990-91
12
1
8
Botswana 1988
35  
6
17  
 Philippines 1988
                      1993
34
40
2
3
6
8
Burkina Faso 1993
8
1
9
Burundi 1987
9
0
0
 Sri Lanka 1987
62
2
3
Cameroon 1991
16  
0
0
 Thailand 1987
68
7
10  
Central African
Republic 1994-95
15  
0
1
 Vietnam 1988
53
33  
62  
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN
Côte d'Ivoire 1994
11  
0
3
 Belize 1991
47
2
4
Ghana 1988
             1993
13  
20  
1
1
8
4
 Bolivia 1989
              1994
32
45
5
8
16  
18  
Kenya 1989
             1993
27  
33  
4
4
15  
13  
 Brazil 1986
66
1
2
Colombia 1986
                   1994
67
66
12
12
18  
18  
Liberia 1986
6
1
17  
Madagascar 1992
17
1
3
 Costa Rica 1986
70
8
11
Malawi 1992
13
0
2
 Dominican Rep. 1986
1991
51
56
3
2
6
Mali 1987
5
0
0
Mauritius 1985
1991
75
75
2
3
3
4
 Ecuador 1987
1989
46
53
11
12
24
23
Namibia 1992
29
2
7
 El Salvador 1985
1988
1993
49
47
53
4
2
2
8
4
4
Niger 1992
4
0
0
Nigeria 1990
6
1
17
Rwanda 1992
21
0
1
 Guatemala 1987
23
2
9
Senegal 1986
1992-93
12
7
1
1
8
19
 Haiti 1989
10
1
10
Jamaica 1989
55
2
4
Sudan 1989-90
9
1
11
 Mexico 1987
55
11
20
Swaziland 1988
21
2
10
 Panama 1984
58
6
10
Tanzania 1991-92
1994
10
20
0
1
0
5
 Paraguay 1987
1990
38
48
5
6
13
13
Togo 1988
12
1
8
 Peru 1986
1991-92
48
59
8
13
17
22
Uganda 1988-89
5
0
0
Zambia 1992
15
0
0
 Trinidad & Tobago 1987
54
5
9
Zimbabwe 1988-89
1994
45
48
0
1
0
2
NEAR EAST & NORTH AFRICA
ASIA & PACIFIC Egypt 1988-89
40
17
43
Bangladesh 1991
1993-94
40
45
2
2
5
5
 Jordan 1990
35
15
43
Morocco 1987
1992
37
42
3
3
8
7
China 1988
1992
72
83
30
33
42
40
Tunisia 1988
51
18
35
India 1992-93
40
2
5
 Turkey 1988
1993
60
63
14
19
23
30
Indonesia 1987
1991
1994
51
50
55
14
13
10
27
26
19
Yemen 1991-92
10
1
12
 
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys except China (640) , El Salvador (652), and India (598>

Return to Chapter 6.1



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