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K Series
Series K, Number 6
Injectables and Implants

Expanding Services for Injectables

How Family Planning Programs and Providers Can Meet Clients' Needs for Injectable Contraceptives

CONTENTS

Home (Key Points)

Injectables Today and Tomorrow
 Box: Injectables Tomorrow: Subcutaneous DMPA and Home Injection
 Web Table 1. Knowledge and Current Use of Injectable Contraceptives Reported by Married Women 15–49, All Surveys 1990–2006
 Web Table 2. Knowledge and Current Use of Injectable Contraceptives Reported by Married Women 15–49, Most Recent Surveys 1990–2006
 Web Figure. Donor Shipments of Injectables Increasing

Supply Meets Demand With Forecasting and Ingenuity
 Web Table 3. Key Resources for Program Managers and Providers

Training to Meet Demand

Box: With Training, a Range of Providers Can Give Contraceptive Injections

Give Injections and Dispose of Waste Safely

Community Programs Can Safely Increase Access to Injectables

Meeting Rising Demand Efficiently

Communication Helps Women Try and Use Injectables

Questions and Answers About Injectables

Box: Women With HIV/AIDS Can Use Injectables

Bibliography

Credits

Coming Soon: "Injectables Toolkit" Web site. Go to http://www.injectablestoolkit.org for job aids and information about injectable contraceptives.

Quick Look
Table 1: Estimated Worldwide Use of Injectables Among Married Women Ages 15–49, 2006
Table 2: Formulations, Injection Schedules, and Availability of Injectable Contraceptives
Table 3: Key Resources for Program Managers and Providers

From INFO's Toolbox
Tools for Program Managers
Checklist: Good-Quality Injectables Services
Checklist: Improving Access to Injectables

Tools for Providers are in the companion INFO Reports. See also Population Reports, "When Contraceptives Change Monthly Bleeding," Series J, No. 54, August 2006.

OrderOrder this report
DownloadDownload PDF or PowerPoint
E-mailE-mail this page
See More Population ReportsSee Companion INFO Reports on "Injectable Contraceptives: Tools for Providers"
See More Population ReportsSee more Population Reports

Bibliography

The links in this bibliography were up-to-date as of publication.

An asterisk (*) denotes an item that was particularly useful in the preparation of this issue of Population Reports.

A cross (†) denotes an item that was particularly useful in the preparation of this issue of INFO Reports.

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3. AKBAR, J., CHAKRABORTY, J., JAHAN, N., PHILLIPS, J.F., and SATTERWAITE, A.P. Dynamics of depot medroxy progesterone acetate (DMPA) use effectiveness in the Matlab Family Planning Health Services Project. Presented at the 7th Annual Contributors Conference of Bangladesh Fertility Research Program, Dhaka, Dec. 8–9, 1982.

4. APELO, R.A., DE LA CRUZ, J.R., and CANCIO-LOPEZ, F. Acceptability of injectable contraception in the Philippines. IPPF Medical Bulletin 8(2): 1–2. Apr. 1974.

5. ARENDS-KUENNING, M. Reconsidering the doorstep-delivery system in the Bangladesh Family Planning Program. Studies in Family Planning 33(1): 87–102. Mar. 2002.

6. ARENDS-KUENNING, M. and KESSY, F.L. The impact of demand factors, quality of care and access to facilities on contraceptive use in Tanzania. Journal of Biosocial Science: 1–26. Dec. 19, 2005.

*†7. ARIAS, R.D., JAIN, J.K., BRUCKER, C., ROSS, D., and RAY, A. Changes in bleeding patterns with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate subcutaneous injection 104 mg. Contraception 74(3): 234–238. Sep. 2006.

8. ARIWONGSE, B.C. An overview of the FPNP injectable programme. Presented at the Recent Advances in Contraceptive Technology Conference, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Oct. 14–20, 1987.

9. ARMAND, F. The sustainability challenge: Identifying appropriate financing models for social marketing programs. Washington, D.C., Commercial Market Strategies Project, Oct. 2003. (Occasional Paper Series) 42 p.

†10. BAETEN, J.M., NYANGE, P.M., RICHARDSON, B.A., LAVREYS, L., CHOHAN, B., MARTIN, H.L., JR., MANDALIYA, K., NDINYA-ACHOLA, J.O., BWAYO, J.J., and KREISS, J.K. Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: Results from a prospective study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 185(2): 380–385. Aug. 2001.

*11. BAHAMONDES, L., MARCHI, N.M., NAKAGAVA, H.M., DE MELO, M.L., CRISTOFOLETTI MDE, L., PELLINI, E., SCOZZAFAVE, R.H., and PETTA, C. Self-administration with UniJect of the once-a-month injectable contraceptive Cyclofem. Contraception 56(5): 301–304. Nov. 1997.

12. BAHAMONDES, L., MONTEIRO-DANTAS, C., ESPEJO-ARCE, X., DOS SANTOS FERNANDES, A.M., LUI-FILHO, J.F., PERROTTI, M., and PETTA, C.A. A prospective study of the forearm bone density of users of etonorgestrel- and levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants. Human Reproduction 21(2): 466–470. Feb. 2006.

13. BASSOL, S., CRAVIOTO, M.C., DURAND, M., BAILON, R., CARRANZA, S., FUGAROLAS, J., GAONA, R., PARADA, L.M., CELIS, C., and SANTOYO, S. Mesigyna once-a-month combined injectable contraceptive: Experience in Latin America. Contraception 61(5): 309–316. May 2000.

14. BATTERSBY, A., FEILDEN, R., and NELSON, C. Sterilizable syringes: Excessive risk or cost-effective option? Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77(10): 812–819. 1999. (Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1999/Vol77-No10/bulletin_1999_77(10)_812-819.pdf)

†15. BEKSINSKA, M.E., SMIT, J.A., KLEINSCHMIDT, I., FARLEY, T.M., and MBATHA, F. Bone mineral density in women aged 40–49 years using depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate or combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Contraception 71(3): 170–175. Mar. 2005.

†16. BELSEY, E.M. The association between vaginal bleeding patterns and reasons for discontinuation of contraceptive use. Contraception 38(2): 207–225. Aug. 1988.

†17. BELSEY, E.M., MACHIN, D., and D'ARCANGUES, C. The analysis of vaginal bleeding patterns induced by fertility regulating methods. World Health Organization Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Contraception 34(3): 253–260. Sep. 1986.

*18. BERG, R., KANESATHASAN, N., and BOLLINGER, L. Getting from awareness to use: Lessons learned from SOMARC III about marketing hormonal contraceptives. Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Social Marketing for Change (SOMARC), Sep. 1998. (SOMARC III Special Study No. 6) 21 p.

*19. BIDDLECOM, A.E. and FAPOHUNDA, B.M. Covert contraceptive use: Prevalence, motivations, and consequences. New York, Population Council, 1998. (Policy Research Division Working Paper No. 108) 37 p. (Available: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/108.pdf)

*20. BIGRIGG, A., EVANS, M., GBOLADE, B.A., NEWTON, J., POLLARD, L., SZAREWSKI, A., THOMAS, C., and WALLING, M. Depo Provera discussion paper on clinical care, effectiveness and side effects. British Journal of Family Planning 26(1): 52–53. Jan. 2000.

21. BLACKBURN, B. (USAID) [Emergency shipments of DMPA from USAID] Personal communication, Jul. 11, 2006.

22. BONNY, A.E., BRITTO, M.T., HUANG, B., SUCCOP, P., and SLAP, G.B. Weight gain, adiposity, and eating behaviors among adolescent females on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 17(2): 109–115. Apr. 2004.

†23. BONNY, A.E., ZIEGLER, J., HARVEY, R., DEBANNE, S.M., SECIC, M., and CROMER, B.A. Weight gain in obese and nonobese adolescent girls initiating depot medroxyprogesterone, oral contraceptive pills, or no hormonal contraceptive method. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 160(1): 40–45. Jan. 2006.

24. BOSSEMEYER, D. and NECOCHEA, E. Standards-based management and recognition: An innovative approach to improving HIV/AIDS service delivery in limited resource settings. Presented at the XVI International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Aug. 13–18, 2006.

*†25. BOYLE, P., CHILVERS, C., FERRAZ, E., HULKA, B., KING, R., LA VECCHIA, C., PETITTI, D., LUMBIGANON, P., SKEGG, D., and THOMAS, D. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and cancer: Memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 71(6): 669–676. 1993. (Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1993/Vol71-No6/bulletin_1993_71(6)_669-676.pdf)

26. BRACKEN, M.B. Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: A review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies. Obstetrics and Gynecology 76(3 Pt 2): 552–557. Sep. 1990.

27. BRUCE, J. Fundamental elements of the quality of care: A simple framework. Studies in Family Planning 21(2): 61–91. Mar.–Apr. 1990

28. BURKHART, M. and SOLÓRZANO, J. Testing a tripartite strategy in San Marcos: Final report. Guatemala City, Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance and Population Council, 1999.

29. CAMPBELL, B. (United Nations Population Fund) [Quick distribution of injectables in Nepal] Personal communication, Jun. 20, 2006.

†30. CANTO DE CETINA, T.E., CANTO, P., and ORDONEZ LUNA, M. Effect of counseling to improve compliance in Mexican women receiving depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception 63(3): 143–146. Mar. 2001.

*31. CASTLE, S., KONATE, M.K., ULIN, P.R., and MARTIN, S. A qualitative study of clandestine contraceptive use in urban Mali. Studies in Family Planning 30(3): 231–248. Sep. 1999.

32. CHU, J.H., GANGE, S.J., ANASTOS, K., MINKOFF, H., CEJTIN, H., BACON, M., LEVINE, A., and GREENBLATT, R.M. Hormonal contraceptive use and the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy. American Journal of Epidemiology 161(9): 881–890. May 1, 2005.

33. COHN, S., WATTS, D., LERTORA, J., PARK, J.G., and YU, S. An open-label, non-randomised study of the effect of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate on the pharmacokinetics of selected protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors therapies among HIV-infected women. Presented at the 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, Feb. 22–25, 2005.

*34. COLLUMBIEN, M. and DOUTHWAITE, M. Pills, injections and audiotapes: Reaching couples in Pakistan. Journal of Biosocial Science 35(1): 41–58. Jan. 2003.

35. CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. Pilot pharmacy program gives injections a shot. Contraceptive Technology Update 22(7): 77–78. Jul. 2001.

36. CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY UPDATE. Project takes a shot at contraceptive access. Contraceptive Technology Update 25(10). Oct. 2004.

37. CROSIGNANI, P.G., LUCIANO, A., RAY, A., and BERGQVIST, A. Subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate versus leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Human Reproduction 21(1): 248–256. Jan. 2006.

38. CROWN AGENTS. What we do: Health sector. {http://www.crownagents.com/sectors.asp?contentID=12§orID=12&navID=103} Crown Agents, 2006.

39. DALLEL, N., KACEM, M., NABOULI, R.M., and EL MAY, M. [Disposal of insulin syringes by diabetic patients. Report of 100 patients]. La Tunisie médicale 83(7): 390–392. Jul. 2005.

40. DANLI, S., QINGXIANG, S., and GUOWEI, S. A multicentered clinical trial of the long-acting injectable contraceptive Depo Provera in Chinese women. Contraception 62(1): 15–18. Jul. 2000.

41. DARNEY, P.D., JAIN, J.K., and JAKIMIUK, A.J. Zero pregnancies with new low-dose DMPA-SC injection for contraception. Presented at the American Society for Reproductive Medicine 60th Annual Meeting, Oct. 16–20, 2004.

42. DARNEY, P.D., JAIN, J.K., and JAKIMIUK, A.J. Zero pregnancies with new low-dose DMPA-SC injection for contraception [abstract]. Presented at the American Society for Reproductive Medicine 60th Annual Meeting, Oct. 16–20, 2004.

43. DE ABOOD, M., DE CASTILLO, Z., GUERRERO, F., ESPINO, M., and AUSTIN, K.L. Effect of Depo-Provera or Microgynon on the painful crises of sickle cell anemia patients. Contraception 56(5): 313–316. Nov. 1997.

*44. DEBPUUR, C., PHILLIPS, J.F., JACKSON, E.F., NAZZAR, A., NGOM, P., and BINKA, F.N. The impact of the Navrongo Project on contraceptive knowledge and use, reproductive preferences, and fertility. Studies in Family Planning 33(2): 141–164. Jun. 2002.

*45. DELIVER. Contraceptive fact sheets. Arlington, Virginia, John Snow, Inc./DELIVER for the U.S. Agency for International Development, Feb. 2006. 22 p. (Available: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADG030.pdf)

46. DKT INTERNATIONAL. Contraceptive social marketing statistics: 1990–2005. {http://www.dktinternational.org/wws.htm} DKT International, Aug. 2006.

47. DOHLIE, M. Supportive supervision. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, PRIME II, Feb. 2002. (PRIME Pages) (Available: http://www.prime2.org/prime2/pdf/2PI_300.swf)

*†48. DRAPER, B.H., MORRONI, C., HOFFMAN, M., SMIT, J., BEKSINSKA, M., HAPGOOD, J., and VAN DER MERWE, L. Depot medroxyprogesterone versus norethisterone oenanthate for long-acting progestogenic contraception. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3: CD005214. Jul. 19, 2006.

49. DUFF, G. Updated prescribing advice on the effect of Depo-Provera contraception on bones. Committee on Safety of Medicines, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agencies, Nov. 16, 2004. (Available: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=16676)

50. EBER, M. (Population Services International) [Social marketing of injectables] Personal communication, Aug. 9, 2006.

51. EGYPT MINISTRY OF INFORMATION STATE INFORMATION SERVICE and JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY POPULATION COMMUNICATION SERVICES. Dr. Karima Mokhtar: Spots on correct contraceptive use. [Video]. 1996.

52. ENGENDERHEALTH. COPE® handbook: A process for improving quality in health services. New York, EngenderHealth, 2003. (EngenderHealth's Quality Improvement Series) 162 p. (Available: http://www.engenderhealth.org/res/offc/qi/cope/handbook/pdf/cope_handbook-a.pdf)

53. FAMILY PLANNING LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT/JOHN SNOW INC. (JSI). Programs that deliver. Logistics' contributions to better health in developing countries. Arlington, Virginia, Published for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). JSI Family Planning Logistics Management Project, 2000. 117 p.

54. FERNANDEZ, V.H., MONTUFAR, E., OTTOLENGHI, E., and ENGE, K.I. Injectable contraceptive service delivery provided by volunteer community promoters. New York, Population Council, 1997. 29 p.

55. FOLCH-LYON, E., DE LA MACORRA, L., and SCHEARER, S.B. Focus group and survey research on family planning in Mexico. Studies in Family Planning 12(12 Pt 1): 409–432. Dec. 1981.

*56. FOREIT, J.R. and FOREIT, K.G. The reliability and validity of willingness to pay surveys for reproductive health pricing decisions in developing countries. Health Policy 63(1): 37–47. Jan. 2003.

57. FOTHERBY, K., YONG-EN, S., HOWARD, G., ELDER, M.G., and MUGGERIDGE, J. Return of ovulation and fertility in women using norethisterone oenanthate. Contraception 29(5): 447–455. May 1984.

*58. FRANKENBERG, E., SIKOKI, B., and SURIASTINI, W. Contraceptive use in a changing service environment: Evidence from Indonesia during the economic crisis. Studies in Family Planning 34(2): 103–116. Jun. 2003.

59. GALLEN, M., LETTENMAIER, C., and GREEN, C.P. Counseling makes a difference. Population Reports Series J, No. 35. Baltimore, Population Information Program, Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Nov. 1987.

60. GARZA-FLORES, J., MORAKS DEL OLMO, A., FUZIWARA, J.L., FIGUEROA, J.G., ALONSO, A., MONROY, J., PEREZ, M., URBINA-FUENTES, M., GUEVARA, S.J., CEDENO, E., BARRIOS, R., FERMAN, J.J., MEDINA, L.M., VELAZQUEZ, E., and PEREZ-PALACIOS, G. Introduction of Cyclofem once-a-month injectable contraceptive in Mexico. Contraception 58(1): 7–12. Jul. 1998.

61. GEBREGIORGIS, Y. (Save the Children) [Injectable services in Ethiopia] Personal communication, May 8, 2006.

†62. GLASIER, A.F., SMITH, K.B., VAN DER SPUY, Z.M., HO, P.C., and CHENG, L. Amenorrhea associated with contraception: An international study on acceptability. Contraception 67(1): 1–8. Jan. 2003.

63. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY WELFARE. Family welfare programme in India. http://mohfw.nic.in/dofw%20website/family%20welfare%20programme/intro.htm 2006.

64. GRAY, R.H. Reduced risk of pelvic inflammatory disease with injectable contraceptives. Lancet 1(8436): 1046. May 4, 1985.

65. GUPTA, N., O'BRIEN, R., JACOBSEN, L.J., DAVIS, A., and ZUCKERMAN, A. Mood changes in adolescents using depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception: A prospective study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 14(2): 71–76. May 2001.

*66. HAAGA, J.G. and MARU, R.M. The effect of operations research on program changes in Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning 27(2): 76–87. Mar.—Apr. 1996.

67. HAIBA, N.A., EL-HABASHY, M.A., SAID, S.A., DARWISH, E.A., ABDEL-SAYED, W.S., and NAYEL, S.E. Clinical evaluation of two monthly injectable contraceptives and their effects on some metabolic parameters. Contraception 39(6): 619–632. Jun. 1989.

68. HALL, P.E. New once-a-month injectable contraceptives, with particular reference to Cyclofem/Cyclo-Provera. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 62 (Suppl. 1): S43–56. Aug. 1998.

69. HARVEY, P.D. The impact of condom prices on sales in social marketing programs. Studies in Family Planning 25(1): 52–58. Jan.–Feb. 1994.

70. HASSAN, E.O., EL-NAHAL, N., and EL-HUSSINIE, M. Once-a-month injectable contraceptives, Cyclofem and Mesigyna, in Egypt. Efficacy, causes of discontinuation, and side effects. Contraception 60(2): 87–92. Aug. 1999.

71. HAURI, A.M., ARMSTRONG, G.L., and HUTIN, Y.J. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. International Journal of STD & AIDS 15(1): 7–16. Jan. 2004.

72. HINDU. Union government drops controversial injectable contraceptives for women. The Hindu Dec. 12, 2001. (Available: http://www.infochangeindia.org/archives1.jsp?secno=3&monthname=March&year=2002&detail=T)

73. HOWARD, G., BLAIR, M., DAVIS, H., and TREACY, M. The effect of norethisterone oenanthate on the full blood count. British Journal of Family Planning 8(4): 125–129. Jan. 1983.

74. HUANG, J., JIANG, D., WANG, X., LIU, Y., FENNIE, K., BURGESS, J., and WILLIAMS, A.B. Changing knowledge, behavior, and practice related to universal precautions among hospital nurses in China. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 33(5): 217–224. Sep.—Oct. 2002.

*75. HUBACHER, D., GOCO, N., GONZALEZ, B., and TAYLOR, D. Factors affecting continuation rates of DMPA. Contraception 60(6): 345–351. Dec. 1999.

*76. HUBACHER, D., HOLTMAN, M., FUENTES, M., PEREZ-PALACIOS, G., and JANOWITZ, B. Increasing efficiency to meet future demand: Family planning services provided by the Mexican Ministry of Health. International Family Planning Perspectives 25(3): 119–124, 138. Sep. 1999.

77. HUBER, D. A case study: DMPA reintroduced in the Philippines. Presented at the USAID Cooperating Agencies Meeting, Feb. 23, 1994 (abstract).

78. HUBER, D. (Management Sciences for Health) [Injectables in Afghanistan and the Philippines] Personal communication, Dec. 1, 2005 and Aug. 2, 2006.

79. HUBER, L.R., HOGUE, C.J., STEIN, A.D., DREWS, C., ZIEMAN, M., KING, J., and SCHAYES, S. Contraceptive use and discontinuation: Findings from the contraceptive history, initiation, and choice study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 194(5): 1290–1295. May 2006.

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82. INFO PROJECT and JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH/CENTER FOR COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS. Choosing injectables: Your family health. [Radio Spot]. Winter 2003.

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84. INTERNATIONAL PLANNED PARENTHOOD FEDERATION (IPPF) INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL ADVISORY PANEL (IMAP). Statement on hormonal methods of contraception. London, IPPF, May 2002. 19 p. (Available: http://content.ippf.org/output/ORG/files/6529.pdf)

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86. JACOBS, L. First, do no harm. Gavi Alliance, Mar. 2001. (Immunization Focus Special Feature) (Available: http://www.gavialliance.org/Resources_Documents/Immunization_Focus/Download/feature_3.php)

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89. JANOWITZ, B., CHEGE, J., THOMPSON, A., RUTENBERG, N., and HOMAN, R. Community-based distribution in Tanzania: Costs and impacts of alternative strategies to improve worker performance. International Family Planning Perspectives 26(4): 158–160, 193–155. Dec. 2000.

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91. JANSSENS, A. (United Nations Population Fund) [Emergency shipments of injectables] Personal communication, Jun. 1, 2006.

92. JHPIEGO. Community-based provision of injectables: Current developments and collaboration for action meeting. Baltimore, Jan. 9, 2006.

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96. KIM, Y.M., PUTJUK, F., BASUKI, E., and KOLS, A. Increasing patient participation in reproductive health consultations: An evaluation of "Smart Patient" coaching in Indonesia. Patient Education and Counseling 50(2): 113–122. Jun. 2003.

97. KINZETT, S. (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) [Forecasting for injectables in Kenya] Personal communication, Sep. 22, 2006.

98. KRISTENSEN, D.D. (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) [Delivery systems and shelf life of injectables] Personal communication, Jun. 28, 1995.

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101. LEON, F.R., MONGE, R., ZUMARAN, A., GARCIA, I., and RIOS, A. Length of counseling sessions and the amount of relevant information exchanged: A study in Peruvian clinics. International Family Planning Perspectives 27(1): 28–33, 46. Mar. 2001.

102. LIGGERI, E. (Pfizer) [DMPA-SC] Personal communication, Feb. 2006.

103. LIGGERI, E. An update on Pfizer's strategy to increase access to injectable contraceptives. Presented at the Community-Based Provision of Injectables: Current Developments and Collaboration for Action Meeting, Baltimore, Jan. 9, 2006.

104. LOGEZ, S. (World Health Organization) [Placing orders for injectables] Personal communication, Aug. 9, 2006.

105. LU, E.R. (JHPIEGO) [Injectables: Training and provision] Personal communication, May 5, 2006.

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Addenda

224. FAJANS, P., NGUYEN THI THOM, WHITTAKER, M., SATIA, J., TRAN THI PHUONG MAI, TRINH DINH CAN, DO THI THANH NHAN, and NEWTON, N. Strategic choices in scaling-up: Introducing injectable contraception and improving quality of care in Vietnam. In: Simmons, R., Fajans, P., and Ghiron, L., eds. Scaling Up Health Service Delivery: From Pilot Innovations to Policies and Programmes. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. (Draft) (Available: http://www.expandnet.net/PDFs/Fajans_etal.pdf)

225. KILLIAN, R. (EngenderHealth) [Quality of care in the Community-Based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Initiative in Ghana] Personal communication, Oct. 9, 2006.

226. SKIBIAK, J.P., MIJERE, P., and ZAMA, M. Expanding contraceptive choice and improving quality of care in Zambia's Copperbelt: A case study in moving from pilot projects to regional programmes. In: Simmons, R., Fajans, P., and Ghiron, L., eds., Scaling Up Health Service Delivery: From Pilot Innovations to Policies and Programmes. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. (Draft) (Available: http://www.expandnet.net/PDFs/Skibiak_etal.pdf)

227. THORN, N.T., HIEU, D.T., NHAN, V.Q., NHAN, D.T., WHITTAKER, M., FAJANS, P., and SATIA, J. The strategic approach to the introduction of DMPA as an opportunity to improve quality of care for all contraceptive methods in Vietnam. Asia-Pacific Population Journal 15(4): 63–88. Dec. 2000. (Available: http://www.unescap.org/ESID/psis/population/journal/2000/v15n4a4.pdf)


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