Tables

Table 1. Death by Breath
Table 2. Types of Possible Adverse Effects Upon Health Due to Global Enviornmental Change
Table 3. The 82 Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries, 1999
Table 4. Mega-Cities of the World

Table 1. Death by Breath
Estimates of Deaths Due to Air Pollution, by Region, 1996
Region or Country Deaths from
Indoor Pollution		 Deaths from
Outdoor Pollution		 Total
Asia
     China 373,000   70,000 443,000
     India 589,000   84,000 673,000
     Other Asian countries 403,000   40,000 443,000
Latin America & Caribbean 293,000 113,000 406,000
Sub-Saharan Africa 522,000 — —
Arab states —   57,000 —
Industrialized countries   32,000 147,000 179,000
Grand total 2,212,000    511,000 2,723,000   
— Estimate not available
Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1998 (227)

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Table 2. Types of Possible Adverse Effects Upon
Health Due to Global Enviornmental Change
   Direct Health Effects Indirect Health Effects
Environmental Change Manifestation Early Late Early Late
Enhanced greenhouse effect Global warming and climate change Heatwave-related illness and deaths    Altered distribution of vector-borne infectious diseases. Food shortages due to altered agricultural productivity Reduced viability of edible fish in warmed oceans
Stratospheric ozone depletion Increased ultra-violet radiation at earth's surface Sunburn, photo keratoconjunctivitis. Suppression of immune system—increased risk of infection, cancer. Skin cancer.
Ocular effects:
  cataracts
  pterygium		    Impaired growth of food crops and of marine microorganisms.
Acid emissions (from combustion of sulphurous follil fuels) Acid rain (and other precipitation) Possible effects on respiratory system    Killing of aquatic life—rduced food. Impaired crop growth. Impairment of forest growth; reduced ecosystem productivity
Land degradation: over-intensive agriculture and excessive grazing Erosion, sterility, nutrient loss, salinity; desertification Decline in agricultural productivity Rural depression—migration to fringes of cities (shanty towns) Exposure to higher levels of pesticides and fertilizers; may lead to toxic algal blooms in waterways Consequences of silting up of dams and rivers
Depletion of plants and animals; loss of biodiversity Destruction of habitat

Loss of genetic diversity; weakening of ecosystems

 Deforestation:
disruption of local culture and health		 Shortages of edible species


Loss of medical chemicals and other heatlh-supporting materials		 Deforestation—greenhouse enhancement. Greater vulnerability of plants and livestock. Decline in vitality of ecosystems.
Note: The designztions "early" and "late" are only to indicate the relative time of occurrance
Source: Adapted from McMichael, 1993 (151)

Return to Chapter 2.5


Table 3. The 82 Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries, 1999
Region & Country Population 2000 (Millions) Population Growth Rate (%) Projected Population 2050 (Millions)
AFRICA, SUB-SAHARAN
Angola   12.9 3.0      36.9
Benin     6.4 2.8      18.1
Burkina Faso   11.9 2.9      34.3
Burundi     6.1 2.5      16.1
Cameroon   15.4 2.6      34.7
Cape Verde     0.4 2.8        0.4
Central African Rep.     3.5 2.0        6.4
Chad     8.0 3.3      31.5
Comoros     0.6 2.8        1.8
Congo, Dem. Rep.   52.0 3.2    181.9
Congo, Rep.     2.8 2.4      6.9
Côte d'Ivoire   16.0 2.2      30.5
Djibouti     0.6 2.3        1.3
Equatorial Guinea     0.5 2.5        1.1
Eritrea     4.1 3.0      13.7
Ethiopia   64.1 2.4    187.9
Gambia     1.3 2.4        2.8
Ghana   19.5 2.4      32.0
Guinea     7.5 2.4      18.1
Guinea-Bissau     1.2 2.2        2.7
Kenya   30.3 2.1      38.7
Lesotho     2.1 2.1        2.8
Liberia     3.2 3.2      10.0
Madagascar   14.9 2.9      46.9
Malawi   10.4 1.9      14.7
Mali   11.2 3.1      31.4
Mauritania     2.7 2.7        6.6
Mozambique   19.1 2.2      22.9
Niger   10.1 3.0      28.5
Nigeria 123.3 2.8    303.6
Rwanda     7.2 2.3        8.9
Sao Tome & Principe     0.2 3.4        0.5
Senegal     9.5 2.8      23.1
Sierra Leone     5.2 2.6      15.7
Somalia     7.3 2.9      25.5
Swaziland     1.0 1.9        3.1
Tanzania   35.3 2.9      88.3
Togo     5.0 3.1        9.7
Zambia     9.6 2.0      20.3
ASIA & PACIFIC
Afghanistan   26.7 2.5      76.2
Bangladesh 128.13 1.8    210.8
Bhutan     0.9 3.1        2.0
Cambodia   12.1 2.6      29.0
Region & Country Population 2000 (Millions) Population Growth Rate (%) Projected Population 2050 (Millions)
ASIA & PACIFIC (cont.)
China 1,264.5 0.9 1,369.0
India 1,002.1 1.8 1,628.0
Indonesia    212.2 1.6    311.9
Laos        5.2 2.6      11.8
Maldives        0.3 3.0        0.7
Mongolia        2.5 1.4        4.1
Nepal      23.9 2.5      49.3
North Korea      47.2 0.9      51.1
Pakistan    150.6 2.8    285.0
Philippines      80.3 2.3    139.6
Sri Lanka      19.2 1.2      25.9
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN
Bolivia        8.3 2.0      15.5
Cuba      11.1 0.7      10.6
Ecuador      12.6 2.1      21.2
Guatemala      12.7 2.9      32.2
Haiti        6.4 1.7      11.9
Honduras        6.1 2.8      11.0
Nicaragua        5.1 3.0      11.6
NEAR EAST & NORTH AFRICA
Egypt      68.3 2.0    117.1
Morocco      28.8 1.7      46.1
Sudan      29.5 2.2      59.2
Syria Arab Rep.      16.5 2.8      35.3
Yemen      17.0 2.8      69.3
EAST EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS
Albania        3.4 1.3        5.2
Armenia        3.8 0.4        3.8
Azerbaijan        7.7 0.9      11.5
Bosnia & Herzegovina        3.8 0.5        3.9
Georgia        5.5 0.2        4.2
Kyrgyzstan        4.9 1.5        6.1
Macedonia, FYR        2.0 0.6        2.1
Tajikistan        6.4 1.6        9.5
Turkmenistan        5.2 1.5        7.5
Uzbekistan      24.8 1.7      33.8
OCEANIA
Kiribati        0.1 2.5        0.2
Papua New Guinea        4.8 2.4        9.5
Solomon Islands        0.4 3.1        1.1
Tuvalu         0.01 1.4         0.02
Vanuatu        0.2 2.8        0.3
Western Samoa        0.2 2.5        0.2
TOTALS 3,813.9 2.3 6,094.6
Source for list of countries: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 1999 (78)
Source for population data: Population Reference Bureau, 2000 (182)

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Table 4. Mega-cities of the World
Cities with 10 Million or More Inhabitants,
1975, 2000, and 2015 (Population in Millions)
City—1975 Population
Tokyo
New York
Shanghai
Mexico City
São Paulo		 19.8
15.9
11.4
11.2
10.0
City—2000 Population
Tokyo
Mexico City
Bombay
São Paulo
Shanghai
New York
Lagos
Los Angeles
Calcutta
Buenos Aires
Dhaka
Karachi
Delhi
Jakarta
Osaka
Metro Manila
Beijing
Rio de Janeiro
Cairo		 26.4
18.1
18.1
17.8
17.0
16.6
13.4
13.1
12.9
12.6
12.3
11.8
11.7
11.0
11.0
10.9
10.8
10.6
10.6
City—2015 Population
Tokyo
Bombay
Lagos
Dhaka
São Paulo
Karachi
Mexico City
Shanghai
New York
Jakarta
Calcutta
Delhi
Metro Manila
Los Angeles
Buenos Aires
Cairo
Istanbul
Beijing
Rio de Janeiro
Osaka
Tianjin
Hyderabad
Bangkok		 26.4
26.1
23.2
21.1
20.4
19.2
19.2
19.1
17.4
17.3
17.3
16.8
14.8
14.1
14.1
13.8
12.5
12.3
11.9
11.0
10.7
10.5
10.1
Source: UN Population Division, March 2000 (239)

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