Ministerio de Salud de Egipto

Table des matières

• Résumé de la rédaction
• Credits

1. Contexte
2. Emploi des contraceptifs oraux
3. Avantages des contraceptifs oraux
4. Risques des contraceptifs oraux pour la santé
5. Pilules contraceptives d’urgence
6. Guide pratique des pilules d’urgence
7. Problèmes de santé non résolus
• Cancer du col
• Cancer du sein
• Infections de l'appareil reproductif
• Cancer du foie

• Figures
• Tableaus
• Encadres
• Bibliographie

• La pilule progestative est la meilleure méthode durant l’allaitement
• Beaucoup de femmes ont utilisé la pilule
• La ventilation des méthodes change au fur et à mesure qu’augmentela pratique de la contraception
• Prévention de certains cancers
• La réduction des doses diminue le risque de maladie circulatoire
• Idées plus précises au sujet de problèmes de santé persistants

• POPLINE
• La Médiatheque
• Autres exemplaires
• Pour commande
• CCP Home Page

Publié par le Population Information Program, Center for Communication Programs, The Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA

Bibliographie

Un astérisque (*) dénote une publication qui a été particulièrement utile pour préparer le présent numéro de Population Reports.

1. ABEYWICREMA, D. (Family Planning Association of Sri Lanka) [Hotline on emergency contraception] Personal communication, Feb. 6, 2000.
2. ACOSTA-CÁZARES, B., RUIZ-MAYA, L., and DE LA PENA, J.E. Prevalence and risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in low-income rural and suburban populations of Mexico. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 23(4): 283-288. Jul./Aug. 1996.
3. ADAM, S.A., THOROGOOD, M., and MANN, J.I. Oral contraception and myocardial infarction revisited: The effects of new preparations and prescribing patterns. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 88(8): 838-845. Aug. 1981.
4. ADDISS, D.G., VAUGHN, M.L., GOLUBJATNIKOV, R., PFISTER, J., KURTYCZ, D.F.I., and DAVIS, J.P. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending urban midwestern family planning and community health clinic: Risk factors, selective screening, and evaluation of non-culture techniques. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 17(3): 138-146. Jul./Sep.1990.
5. ADEBAMOWO, C.A. and ADEKUNLE, O.O. Case-controlled study of the epidemiological risk factors for breast cancer in Nigeria. British Journal of Surgery 86(5): 665-668. May 1999.
6. ALAN GUTTMACHER INSTITUTE (AGI). Sex and America's teenagers. New York, AGI, 1994. 88p.
7. ALLEN, H.H. Clinical assessment of a low-dose oestrogen, low-dose progestogen combined oral contraceptive. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2(2): 101-108. 1974.
8. ALLEN, S., LINDAN, C., SERUFILIRA, A., VAN DE PERRE, P., RUNDLE, A.C., NSENGUMUREMYI, F., CARAEL, M., SCHWALBE, J., and HULLEY, S. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in urban Rwanda. Demographic and behavioral correlates in a representative sample of childbearing women. Journal of the American Medical Association 266(12): 1657-1663. Sep. 25, 1991.
9. AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS. Pharmacists limit women's access to emergency contraception (Press release). (Website). . May 18, 1999. Accessed Mar. 7, 2000.
10. ANANIJEVIC-PANDEY, J. and VLAJINAC, H. Myocardial infarction in young women with reference to oral contraceptive use. International Journal of Epidemiology 18(3): 585-588. Sep. 1989.
11. ANDERSCH, B. The effect of various oral contraceptive combinations on premenstrual symptoms. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 20(6): 463-469. Dec. 1982.
12. ANNEGERS, J.R., STROM, H., DECKER, D.G., DOCKERTY, M.B., and O'FALLON, W.M. Ovarian cancer: incidence and case control study. Cancer 43(2): 723-729. Feb. 1979.
13. APELO, R. and VELOSO, I. Clinical experience with ethinyl estradiol and d-norgestrel as an oral contraceptive. Fertility and Sterility 26(3): 283-288. Mar. 1975.
14. APELO, R.A. and SUPLIDO, A. Clinical assessment of a new triphasic oral contraceptive. Clinical Therapeutics 8(1): 61-70. 1985.
15. ARMSTRONG, J.L., REID, M., and BIGRIGG, A. Scare over oral contraceptives. Effect on behaviour of women attending a family planning clinic [letter]. British Medical Journal 311(7020): 1637. Dec. 16, 1995.
16. ARNT, I.C., FERRARI, A., SARTORETTO, J.N., and WOUTERSZ, T.B. Low-dose combination oral contraceptives: A controlled clinical study of three different norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol ratios. Fertility and Sterility 28(5): 549-553. May 1977.
17. AVONTS, D., SERCU, M., HEYERICK, P., VANDERMEEREN, I., MEHEUS, A., and PIOT, P. Incidence of uncomplicated genital infections in women using oral contraception or an intrauterine device: A prospective study. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 17(1): 23-29. Jan./Mar. 1990.
*18. BACIEWICZ, A.M. Oral contraceptive drug interactions. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 7(1): 26-35. Mar. 1985.
*19. BACK, D.J. and ORME, M.L. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 18(6): 472-484. Jun. 1990.
*20. BACKSTROM, T., HANSSON-MALMSTROM, Y., LINDHE, B.A., CAVALLI-BJORKMAN, B., and NORDENSTROM, S. Oral contraceptives in premenstrual syndrome: A randomized comparison of triphasic and monophasic preparations. Contraception 46(3): 253-268. Sep. 1992.
21. BADRAOUI, M.H. and ASKALANI, H. Effect of low-dose combined OCs on lactation patterns. Contraceptive Delivery Systems 4(4): 327-329. Sep. 1983.
22. BARBONE, F., AUSTIN, H., LOUV, W.C., and ALEXANDER, W.J. A follow-up study of methods of contraception, sexual activity, and rates of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 163(2): 510-514. Aug. 1990.
23. BARNETT, M.L. Inhibition of oral contraceptive effectiveness by concurrent antibiotic administration. A review. Journal of Periodontology 56(1): 18-20. Jan. 1985.
24. BAUER, H.M., HILDESHEIM, A., SCHIFFMAN, M.H., GLASS, A.G., RUSH, B.B., SCOTT, D.R., CADELL, D.M., KURMAN, R.J., and MANOS, M.M. Determinants of genital human papillomavirus infection in low-risk women in Portland, Oregon. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 20(5): 274-278. Sep.-Oct. 1993.
25. BBC NEWS. Emergency contraception should be easier to get. BBC News Online (Website). . Jun. 14, 1999. Accessed Mar. 7, 2000.
*26. BERAL, V., HERMON, C., KAY, C., HANNAFORD, P., DARBY, S., and REEVES, G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46,000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. British Medical Journal 318(7176): 96-100. Jan. 9, 1999.
27. BERGSTEIN, N.A. Clinical efficacy, acceptability and metabolic effects of new low dose combined oral contraceptives. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica (Suppl. 54): 51-59. 1976.
28. BERGSTEIN, N.A. Investigation of a new low-dose oral contraceptive: 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg levonorgestrel (d-norgestrel). Clinical Therapeutics 1(1): 26-32. 1977.
29. BERKOWITZ, G., KELSEY, J., HOLFORD, T., and LIVOLSI, V. Exogenous hormone use and fibrocystic breast disease among pre-and postmenopausal women. Presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Epidemiological Research, Winnipeg, Canada, Jun. 15-17. Unpublished. 1983. 6 p.
30. BERMAN, S.M. and HEIN, K. Adolescents and STDs. In: Holmes, K.K., Sparling, P.F., Märdh, P.-A., Lemon, S.M., Stamm, W.E., Piot, P., and Wasserheit, J.N., eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 129-142.
31. BICEGO, G. and AHMAD, O.B. Infant and child mortality. Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, (Demographic and Health Surveys Comparative Studies No. 20) Aug. 1996. 65 p.
32. BILIAN, X. Abortion and emergency contraception: Chinese experience. Chinese Medical Journal 110(1): 36-42. Jan. 1997.
33. BLANEY, C. Abused women have special needs. Network 18(4): 15-18. Family Health International. Summer 1998.
34. BLOEMENKAMP, K.W., ROSENDAAL, F.R., HELMERHORST, F.M., BULLER, H.R., and VANDENBROUCKE, J.P. Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third-generation progestogen. Lancet 346(8990): 1593-1596. Dec. 16, 1995.
35. BLUM, M., GILEROVITCH, M., BENAIM, J., and APPELBAUM, T. The correlation between Chlamydia antigen, antibody, vaginal colonization and contraceptive method in young unmarried women. Advances in Contraception 6(1): 41-45. Mar. 1990.
36. BOLAN, G., EHRHARDT, A.A., and WASSERHEIT, J.N. Gender perspectives and STDs. In: Holmes, K.K., Sparling, P.F., M—rdh, P.-A., Lemon, S.M., Stamm, W.E., Piot, P., and Wasserheit, J.N., eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 117-127.
37. BONTIS, J., VAVILIS, D., PANIDIS, D., THEODORIDIS, T., KONSTANTINIDIS, T., and SIDIROPOULOU, A. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic women: Relationship to history, contraception, and cervicitis. Advances in Contraception 10(4): 309-315. Dec. 1994.
38. BORODITSKY, R., FISHER, W., and SAND, M. The 1995 Canadian contraception study. Journal of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (Special Supplement): 1-31. Dec. 1996.
39. BOUNDS, W., VESSEY, M., and WIGGINS, P. A randomized double-blind trial of two low dose combined oral contraceptives. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 86(4): 325-329. Apr. 1979.
40. BRACKEN, M.B. Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: A review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies. Obstetrics and Gynecology 76(3, Pt. 2): 552-557. Sep. 1990.
41. BRAT, T. Clinical trial with a new low oestrogen combined oral contraceptive. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2(8): 465-470. 1974.
42. BRIGGS, M. Oestrogen content of oral contraceptives [letter]. Lancet 2(8050): 1233. Dec. 10, 1977.
43. BRINTON, L.A. Oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia. Contraception 43(6): 581-595. Jun. 1991.
44. BRINTON, L.A., TASHIMA, K.T., LEHMAN, H.F., LEVINE, R.S., MALLIN, K., SAVITZ, D.A., STOLLEY, P.D., and FRAUMENI, J.F., Jr. Epidemiology of cervical cancer by cell type. Cancer Research 47(6): 1706-1711. Mar. 15, 1987.
45. BRINTON, L.A., VESSEY, M.P., FLAVEL, R., and YEATES, D. Risk factors for benign breast disease. American Journal of Epidemiology 113(3): 203-214. Mar. 1981.
*46. BRISSON, J., MORIN, C., FORTIER, M., ROY, M., BOUCHARD, C., LECLERC, J., CHRISTEN, A., GUIMONT, C., PENAULT, F., and MEISELS, A. Risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Differences between low- and high-grade lesions. American Journal of Epidemiology 140(8): 700-710. Oct. 15, 1994.
47. BROCK, K.E., BERRY, G., BRINTON, L.A., KERR, C., MACLENNAN, R., MOCK, P.A., and SHEARMAN, R.P. Sexual, reproductive and contraceptive risk factors for carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix in Sydney. Medical Journal of Australia 150(3): 125-130. Feb. 6, 1989.
48. BROOKS, P.G. Pill formulations and their effect on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 29(7 Suppl.): 539-546. Jul. 1984.
49. BROWN, S., VESSEY, M., and STRATTON, I. The influence of method of contraception and cigarette smoking on menstrual patterns. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 95(9): 905-910. Sep. 1988.
50. BRUMSTED, J.R. and RIDDICK, D.H. Menstruation and disorders of menstrual function. In: SCOTT, J.R., DISAIA, P.J., HAMMOND, C.B., and SPELLACY, W.N., ed. Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott Company. 1994. p. 665-679.
51. BURKETT, B.J., PETERSON, C.M., BIRCH, L.M., BRENNAN, C., NUCKOLS, M.L., WARD, B.E., and CRUM, C.P. The relationship between contraceptives, sexual practices, and cervical human papillomavirus infection among a college population. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45(11): 1295-1302. Nov. 1992.
52. BURSAUX, E. Santé: Une <> est désormais en vente libre dans les pharmacies. Le Monde édition électronique. Jun. 24, 1999. 2 p. (Available: , Accessed Feb. 14, 2000)
53. BUTTERMORE, S. and NOLAN, C. Six years of clinical experience using postcoital contraception in college women. Journal of American College Health 42(2): 61-63. Sep. 1993.
54. BYE, P.G. and ELSTEIN, M. Clinical assessment of a low-estrogen combined oral contraceptive. British Medical Journal 2(5863): 389-392. May 19, 1973.
55. CAIRNS, V., KEIL, U., DOERING, A., KOENIG, W., STIEBER, J., and KLEINBAUM, D.G. Oral contraceptive use and blood pressure in a German metropolitan population. International Journal of Epidemiology 14(3): 389-395. Sep. 1985.
56. CAMERON, D.W., SIMONSEN, J.D., D'COSTA, L.J., RONALD, A.R., MAITHA, G.M., GAKINYA, M.N., CHEANG, M., NDINYA-ACHOLA, J.O., PIOT, P., and BRUNHAM, R.C. Female to male transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1: Risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 2(8660): 403-407. Aug. 19, 1989.
57. CAMPODONICO, I., GUERRERO, B., and LANDA, L. Effect of a low-dose oral contraceptive (150 mcg Levonorgestrel and 30 mcg Ethinylestradiol) on lactation. Clinical Therapeutics 1(6): 454-459. 1978.
*58. CANCER AND STEROID HORMONE STUDY OF THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL and NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. Combination oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association 257(6): 796-800. Feb. 13, 1987.
*59. CANCER AND STEROID HORMONE STUDY OF THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL and THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. The reduction in risk of ovarian cancer associated with oral-contraceptive use. New England Journal of Medicine 316(11): 650-655. Mar. 12, 1987.
60. CARDY, G.C. Outcome of pregnancies after failed hormonal postcoital contraception An interim report. British Journal of Family Planning 21(3): 112-115. Oct. 21, 1995.
*61. CAROLEI, A., MARINI, C., and De MATTEIS, G. History of migraine and risk of cerebral ischaemia in young adults. The Italian National Research Council Study Group on Stroke in the Young. Lancet 347(9014): 1503-1506. Jun. 1, 1996.
62. CASAGRANDE, J.T., PIKE, M.C., ROSS, R.K., LOUIE, E.W., ROY, S., and HENDERSON, B.E. "Incessant ovulation" and ovarian cancer. Lancet 2(8135): 170-174. Jul. 28, 1979.
63. CELENTANO, D.D., AKARASEWI, P., SUSSMAN, L., SUPRASERT, S., MATANASARAWOOT, A., WRIGHT, N.H., THEETRANONT, C., and NELSON, K.E. HIV-1 infection among lower class commercial sex workers, in Chiang Mai, Thailand. AIDS 8(4): 533-537. Apr. 1994.
64. CELENTANO, D.D., KLASSEN, A.C., WEISMAN, C.S., and ROSENSHEIN, N.B. The role of contraceptive use in cervical cancer: The Maryland Cervical Cancer Case-Control Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 126(4): 592-604. Oct. 1987.
65. CENTER FOR REPRODUCTIVE LAW AND POLICY. Emergency contraception advances women's rights. New York, Center for Reproductive Law and Policy, Jul. 1999. 2 p.
66. CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION. HIV prevention through early detection and treatment of other sexually transmitted diseases United States. MMWR 47(RR-12). Oct. 5, 1998.
67. CERUTI, M., CANESTRELLI, M., CONDEMI, V., PIANTELLI, G., De PAOLIS, P., AMONE, F., and TOVAGLIARI, D. Methods of contraception and rates of genital infections. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology 21(2): 119-123. 1994.
68. CHAN, W.Y., DAWOOD, M.Y., and FUCHS, F. Prostaglandins in primary dysmenorrhea: Comparison of prophylactic and nonprophylactic treatment with ibuprofen and use of oral contraceptives. American Journal of Medicine 70(3): 535-541. Mar. 1981.
*69. CHANG, C.L., DONAGHY, M., and POULTER, N. Migraine and stroke in young women: Case-control study. British Medical Journal 318(7175): 13-18. Jan. 2, 1999.
70. CHAO, S. The effect of lactation on ovulation and fertility. Clinic in Perinatology 14(1): 39-50. Mar. 1987.
*71. CHASAN-TABER, L., WILLETT, W.C., MANSON, J.E., SPIEGELMAN, D., HUNTER, D.J., CURHAN, G., COLDITZ, G.A., and STAMPFER, M.J. Prospective study of oral contraceptives and hypertension among women in the United States. Circulation 94(3): 483-489. Aug. 1, 1996.
72. CHAUDHURY, R.R., CHOMPOOTAWEEP, S., DUSITSIN, N., FRIESEN, H., and TANKEYOON, M. The release of prolactin by medroxyprogesterone acetate in human subjects. British Journal of Pharmacology 59(3): 433-434. Mar. 1977.
73. CHAYA, N., HELSING, K., and CONLY, S.R. Contraceptive choice: Worldwide access to family planning [wall chart]. Population Action International, 1996.
*74. CHIAFFARINO, F., PARAZZINI, F., LA VECCHIA, C., RICCI, E., and CROSIGNANI, P. Oral contraceptive use and benign gynecologic conditions: A review. Contraception 57(1): 11-18. Jan. 1998.
75. CHILD, T.J., MACKENZIE, I.Z., and REES, M. Terminations of pregnancy, not unplanned deliveries, increased as result of pill scare [letter]. British Medical Journal 313(7063): 1005. Oct 19, 1996.
76. CHILD, T.J., REES, M., and MACKENZIE, I.Z. Pregnancy terminations after oral contraception scare [letter]. Lancet 347(9010): 1260-1261. May 4, 1996.
77. CLEMETSON, D.B.A., MOSS, G.B., WILLERFORD, D.M., HENSEL, M., EMONYI, W., HOLMES, K.K., PLUMMER, F., NDINYA-ACHOLA, J., ROBERTS, P.L., HILLIER, S., and KREISS, J.K. Detection of HIV DNA in cervical and vaginal secretions. Prevalence and correlates among women in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of the American Medical Association 269(22): 2860-2864. Jun. 9, 1993.
78. COHEN, J. Clinical use of biphasic and triphasic pills. International Planned Parenthood Federation Medical Bulletin 19(4): 1-2. Aug. 1985.
79. COHEN, S.A. Objections, confusion among pharmacists threaten access to emergency contraception. The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy 2(3): 1-3. Alan Guttmacher Institute. Jun. 1999.
80. COKER, A.L., MCCANN, M.F., HULKA, B.S., and WALTON, L.A. Oral contraceptive use and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 45(10): 1111-1118. Oct. 1992.
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82. COLLABORATIVE GROUP ON HORMONAL FACTORS IN BREAST CANCER. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 347(9017): 1713-1727. Jun. 22, 1996.
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86. CONTRACEPTION REPORT. Venous thromboembolism and desogestrel- or gestodene-containing combination oral contraceptives: What are the facts? Contraception Report 7(1): 3-6. Apr. 1996.
87. COOPER, C., HANNAFORD, P., CROFT, P., and KAY, C.R. Oral contraceptive pill use and fractures in women: A prospective study. Bone 14(1): 41-45. Jan./Feb.1993.
88. CORSON, S.L. Increased risk from third-generation progestogens: Fuzzy logic or fuzzy science? [editorial]. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 41(9): 711-712. Sep. 1996.
89. COWAN, B.D. and MORRISON, J.C. Management of abnormal genital bleeding in girls and women. New England Journal of Medicine 324(24): 1710-1715. Jun. 13, 1991.
90. COY, J.F., MAIR, H., and RATKOWSKY, D.A. Breastfeeding and oral contraceptives: Tasmanian survey. Australian Paediatric Journal 19(3): 168-171. Sep. 1983.
91. CRAIB, K.J., MEDDINGS, D.R., STRATHDEE, S.A., HOGG, R.S., MONTANER, J.S., O'SHAUGHNESSY, M.V., and SCHECHTER, M.T. Rectal gonorrhea as an independent risk factor for HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual men. Genitourinary Medicine 71(3): 150-154. Jun. 1995.
92. CRAMER, D.W., HUTCHISON, G.B., WELCH, W.R., SCULLY, R.E., and KNAPP, R.C. Factors affecting the association of oral contraceptives and ovarian cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 307(17): 1047-1051. Oct. 21, 1982.
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97. CROWLEY, T., HORNER, P., HUGHES, A., BERRY, J., PAUL, I., and CAUL, O. Hormonal factors and the laboratory detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: Implications for screening? International Journal of STD and AIDS 8(1): 25-31. Jan. 1997.
98. CROXATTO, H.B., DIAZ, S., PERALTA, O., JUEZ, G., HERREROS, C., CASADO, M.E., SALVATIERRA, A.M., MIRANDA, P., and DURAN, E. Fertility regulation in nursing women: IV. Long-term influence of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive initiated at day 30 postpartum upon lactation and infant growth. Contraception 27(1): 13-25. Jan. 1983.
99. CULLBERG, G., SAMSIOE, G., ANDERSEN, R.F., BREDESGAARD, P., ANDERSEN, N.B., ERNEROT, H., FANOE, E., FYLLING, P., HAACK-SORENSEN, P.E., and KLOTTRUP, P. Two oral contraceptives, efficacy, serum proteins, and lipid metabolism. A comparative multicentre study on a triphasic and a fixed dose combination. Contraception 26(3): 229-243. Sep. 1982.
100. CULLBERG, J. Mental effects of hormone preparations with varied gestagen doses and constant oestrogen dose as compared to placebo. In: Psychosomatic Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Basel, Switzerland, Karger. 1972. p. 503-506.
101. DALING, J.R., MADELEINE, M.M., MCKNIGHT, B., CARTER, J.J., WIPF, G.C., ASHLEY, R., SCHWARTZ, S.M., BECKMANN, A.M., HAGENSEE, M.E., MANDELSON, M.T., and GALLOWAY, D.A. The relationship of human papillomavirus-related cervical tumors to cigarette smoking, oral contraceptive use, and prior herpes simples virus type 2 infection. Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 5(7): 541-548. Jul. 1996.
102. DALY, S.F., DOYLE, M., ENGLISH, J., TURNER, M., CLINCH, J., and PRENDIVILLE, W. Can the number of cigarettes smoked predict high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women with mildly abnormal cervical smears? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 179(2): 399-402. Aug. 1998
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104. D'AVANZO, B., LA VECCHIA, C., NEGRI, E., PARAZZINI, F., and FRANCESCHI, S. Oral contraceptive use and risk of myocardial infarction: An Italian case-control study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 48(3): 324-325. Jun. 1994.
105. DAWOOD, M.Y. Dysmenorrhea. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 33(1): 168-178. Mar. 1990.
106. DAWSON, D.A. Trends in use of oral contraceptives Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey. Family Planning Perspectives 22(4): 169-172. Jul./Aug. 1990.
107. DE SANJOSÉ, S., BOSCH, F.X., MUÑOZ, N., and SHAH, K. Social differences in sexual behaviour and cervical cancer. In: Kogevinas, M., Pearce, N., Susser, M., and Boffetta, P., eds. Social Inequalities and Cancer. Vol. 138. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer. p. 309-317.
108. DE VINCENZI, I. and EUROPEAN STUDY GROUP ON HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV. A longitudinal study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus transmission in heterosexual partners. New England Journal of Medicine 331(6): 341-346. Aug. 11, 1994.
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